December 2024

Olfaction represents a crucial chemosensory modality in vertebrates, mediated by specialized olfactory sensory receptor neurons. Unlike terrestrial vertebrates, the olfactory organs of fish remain in close contact with the aquatic environment, enabling them to sense waterborne chemical cues and trigger specific behaviors. This chemosensory system comprises nostrils, nasal cavities housing sensory lamellae, olfactory nerves, bulbs and brain. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), an air-breathing teleost (Anabantiformes: Anabantidae; IUCN Red List: Least Concern) that periodically interacts with an air-water interface, representing its dual-mode lifestyle. This study aims to explore the ultrastructure of olfactory sensory receptor neurons (OSRNs) of A. testudineus using electron microscopy. The olfactory organs of A. testudineus were dissected, the rosettes were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) after fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and Karnovsky’s fixative, respectively, and subsequent histological processing. In A. testudineus, the oval-shaped olfactory rosette is distinguished into prominent sensory and non-sensory epithelium. The olfactory neuroepithelium is a ciliated and pseudostratified structure with ciliated supporting cells, bipolar OSRNs, basal cells, etc. A highly developed sensory epithelium equipped with abundant ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (CiOSNs), which appear dominant, and microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (MiOSNs), distributed within dense aggregations of ciliated non-sensory cells, reflecting the specific adaptive nature of the species concerned.

For many years, the efforts of the public authorities in the Republic of Benin have focused on children's access to school; this, in line with the international commitments made by Benin at the Dakar Forum in 2000. In this sense, many barriers hindering children's access and participation in school have been removed. These measures, including free school fees, the creation and expansion of school canteens, have been beneficial in that they have opened up access to school to thousands of children who were initially deprived of it. This quantitative progress poorly conceals the difficulties encountered by the Beninese education system in general and primary education in particular despite the various policies to improve the quality of education undertaken in recent years and which include providing school textbooks to students, improving teacher qualifications through the reopening of Teacher Training Colleges (ENI), improving teaching processes, etc. In short, the annual results obtained are not up to the financial investments made by successive governments, supported by development partners. The Beninese education system still displays high repeat rates, despite the automatic transition policies initiated between primary school sub-cycles. This research therefore focuses on the issue of transforming education financial resources into results and, therefore, on the efficiency of public education spending given that Benin, a country registered with the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, has very limited financial resources. It aims to contribute to resolving an issue that is currently agitating the Beninese education community.

Objectives: The objective of this work was to assess the factors associated with the occurrence of acute malnutrition in children aged 6 to 59 months in the health district of Commune VI of Bamako. Method and materials: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, which took place from August to October 2012, in the Health District of Commune VI of Bamako. The target was children aged 6 to 59 months. The WHO-type two-stage cluster random sampling was chosen. Results: The study included a total of 359 children. The socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometric data of the children were analyzed. A high prevalence of 14.2% for acute malnutrition (AD) was found. Children on Exclusive Breastfeeding were 3.84 times less likely to have AD with p=0.00007. Low birth weight (LBW) was a risk factor for the occurrence of AD OR= 8.04, 95% CI [3.72-17.62]. Conclusion: The high prevalence of AD in the health district of Commune VI of Bamako requires the rapid implementation of a response program focused on strengthening the nutritional surveillance system for children, for active screening in the community.

Plant protection is an exercise basically followed in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. Farmers who are cultivating vegetables, they are using maximum numbers and amount of pesticides compared to cereal crops per unit area. For proper application of pesticides –there are specific recommendations. Due to lack of awareness of farmers regarding those recommendations, they are using pesticides deviating its proper processes and considerations. As a result, they are facing health related problems. Keeping all these in view the present study was designed to identify the aberrations from proper chemical pesticide use by the vegetable growers and reasons behind it. The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study and Chakdah community development block of Kalyani sub division was randomly selected for the study. Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats of Chakdah community development block. Three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur was selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field. The farmers’ major aberrations from safe pesticide handling and safety measures taken were the followings-(1) 19.60% respondents sometimes and 47.05% respondents never read the label of pesticide carefully before using pesticides (2) 53.92% of respondents were not aware of the classification of pesticides based on toxicity (3) At the most 86.76% and 90.68% of respondents did not use gloves or mask respectively while applying pesticides (4) 13.72% vegetable growers mixed pesticides with bare hand (5) 35.29% of respondents used soap water and 64.70% used plain water while washing hands after pesticide application (6) 3.92% of respondents always and 19.60% sometimes took food or smoke immediately after pesticide application. The major reasons behind farmer’s aberrations from proper pesticide handling and usage were (1) lack of knowledge of the farmers regarding proper pesticide handling and use. (2) lower level of education (3) non availability of training regarding safe use of pesticides was another important reason behind the problem(4) reasons included lack of credit to arrange precautions(5) lack of availability of safety inputs. To avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides, regulations regarding the use or pesticides and proper verification of the procedure should be carried out. Creation of awareness on the basis of family based training, sensitization through value and ethics based capacity building and utilization of religious and community leaders in this regard may be useful to overcome the issue. Various deviations from safe usage and handling of chemical pesticides were identified in the study. So, steps should be taken to change the perception of the vegetable growers regarding the use of the safety measures. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective.

Diabetes is one of the most chronic diseases affecting millions across the globe, mainly in aging populations and sedentary lifestyles. Continuous glucose monitoring is essential for blood sugars and avoiding significant micro and macrovascular organ damage. The field of research has come up with major developments in glucose monitoring technologies over decades. However, the area of glucose biosensors still faces significant challenges. The traditional methods of glucose monitoring, such as hemoglobin A1c, seemed to provide little benefit in day-to-day glucose monitoring and the need for changing therapies. Researchers have come up with modern methods of non-invasive glucose monitoring, which are more efficient, robust and affordable for individuals of all ages. Continuous glucose monitoring( CGM) is one of the most reliable and clinically valuable methods that demonstrated the reducing risks of hypo/hyperglycemia, glycemic variability and improving the target blood glucose levels. In this article, we emphasize the advantages and limitations of CGM in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, recent advancements in non-invasive technology and the significance of point-of-care glucose testing.

Science and technology innovation policies play a pivotal role in fostering economic and social development. The collective policies enacted by governments at different levels constitute a nation's innovation framework, yet comparative analyses of such policies across various levels of government remain limited. This study employs NVivo software to analyze the science and technology innovation policies embedded within government work reports from the central government, Shanxi Province, and Lvliang City from 2018 to 2022. The findings reveal a high degree of similarity between provincial and municipal policy texts, characterized by significant regional coordination. However, the connection between municipal policies and central government policies appears weaker. In terms of attention allocation, the central government places greater emphasis on talent attraction and cultivation, whereas local governments focus more on the functional roles of enterprises, showing noticeable deficiencies in supporting the innovation environment. Therefore, in local science and technology innovation governance, it is crucial to not only enhance regional coordination but also align with the central government’s macro-level deployment of various elements. This approach can prevent the neglect of critical factors, facilitate the synergy of innovation elements, and ultimately strengthen innovation capacity.

Edible wild species such as Myrianthus arboreus represent one of the main sources of supply for human food in rural areas. However, the harmful effects of climate change, the low rate of regeneration coupled with the abusive exploitation of Myrianthus arboreus lead to its increasingly difficult supply. This study aims to understand the structure of the inflorescence and flower of Myrianthus arboreus with a view to genetic improvement. The inflorescences and the female flower were observed directly in the field. As for the male flower, it was carefully observed in the laboratory with a microscope. In Myrianthus arboreus, on a tree, only one type of inflorescence was observed : the male inflorescence or the female inflorescence. However, of the 150 individuals evaluated, individuals (10.66 %) showed the coexistence of both types of organ. The male inflorescence bears numerous tiny flowers, invisible to the naked eye. Each flower bears four sepals and four petals combined, thus forming the tepals on which four stamens are inserted with the anthers at the top. The female inflorescence is a globose flower head which bears numerous quarters, each corresponding to a flower. This capitulum when mature bears stigmata which appear outside the areas and are receptive. Based on this study, in Myrianthus arboreus, in addition to dioecious individuals, there are monoecious individuals.

Background: Loneliness has been found to be connected with burnout and other types of emotional distress in physicians. Doctors often neglect their own mental health while caring for everyone else. The purpose of this study is to measure the prevalence of loneliness and associated socio-demographic factors among a subset of doctors practicing in various hospitals of Western Maharashtra. Methods: UCLA Loneliness Scale ver 3 was used to assess the prevalence of loneliness in doctors. The scale consists of 20 questions to be answered on a Likert Scale. Data was collected through a questionnaire administered online comprising of the scale and questions regarding socio-demographic factors. Score between 40-60 is considered moderately lonely and those with score between 60-80 as very lonely. Results: In this study, 423 doctors of Western Maharashtra participated. Prevalence of loneliness was 63%. 15% doctors were found to be very lonely (score 60-80) and 48% had moderate loneliness (score 40-60). Conclusion: Loneliness and isolation represent profound risks to our health and well-being. By adopting simple measures to strengthen our relationships, and by supporting community efforts to build social ties in medical professionals, we can go up to meet this moment together.

Cet article porte sur une étude prospective menée dans la Région de Dosso sur la demande du projet luxdev, visant à identifier des bassins de production agricole, susceptibles de se constituer en pôles de développement agricole et économique régionaux, à travers la valorisation du milieu rural. Ce milieu est considéré comme un levier de développement des territoires. Il part du postulat que le développement local inclusif passe par l’amélioration du niveau de vie des différents acteurs intervenant dans les filières cibles, du producteur au consommateur en incluant les différents agents économiques. Sur la base d’une approche prospective qui prend en compte la dimension spatiale, temporelle et sociale du développement, l’étude propose des zones disposant des potentialités agricoles avérées pour devenir des pôles de développement agricoles.La méthode se base sur la prise en compte des études faites sur la question, des connaissances et avis des principaux acteurs lors des rencontres de recadrage et de l’enquête terrain. Cette étude prend en compte des filières déjà appuyées par le projet. Les critères économiques sont mis en avant par l’étude prospective, qui se focalise principalement sur des filières les plus porteuses déjà identifiées, fonctionnelles, potentiellement rentables, susceptibles de soutenir le développement économique des quatre pôles identifiés: le pôle plateau, le pôle fleuve, le pôle Dallol Bosso et le pôle Dallol Maouri.

Periodontitis is a disease of periodontium resulting from pathogenic microorganisms combined with other risk factors. For many years, the relationship of obesity with periodontal disease has been discussed and it has been shown that obesity may act as a risk factor for periodontitis. Adipokines are bioactive molecules secreted by adipose tissue. Along with regulating energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity they also modulate the inflammatory and healing process. Recent studies have also shown adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin and visfatin are could play a role in periodontal disease progression and may be used as biomarkers for the same. Understanding the role of adipokines may help illuminate the relationships among obesity, periodontitis, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

The temperate forests in the Western Himalaya play a crucial role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. However, there is limited information on the biomass and carbon stock of these forests, particularly in specific regions like Maharaja Valley, Kullu. Therefore, our study aims to assess and quantify the carbon stock in the forest vegetation of Buragran Village. By estimating carbon stocks, this research seeks to provide valuable insights into the region's carbon sequestration potential, aiding conservation efforts and climate change mitigation strategies. Total of 300m2 (0.03 Ha) was sampled. Total of 20 trees were recorded in the sampled plots. Pinus Roxburghii was the most dominant one in all the quadrates with 100% detection frequency. This finding suggests that the dominant species has a significant influence on the composition and structure of the community within the study site. Our overall results shows that the highest CBH (Circumference at Breast Height) of Pinus Roxburghii tree recorded is 158.49 cm with highest basal area of 0.199 m2/ha. This indicates that Pinus tree with highest CBH will also have maximum basal area. The maximum AGC will also be present in the tree which has highest height (i.e., 41m and the minimum AGC is present in lowest height (i.e., 13.7) and we see the similar trends for below ground biomass and below ground carbon. Our quadrate data provides valuable initial insights into the dominance of a particular species, the study acknowledges the potential for more species to occur within the area due to the limited number of samples and area covered. A more comprehensive sampling effort will be crucial to revealing the true extent of species diversity and enriching our understanding of the ecological dynamics at play in the ecologically important region.

A la fois funéraire et funèbre, le rythme Zɛnli a été créé pour célébrer les défunts sur le plateau d’Abomey en République du Bénin. Bien qu'il s’inscrive parmi les rythmes populaires, il a été rénové par Alèkpéhanhou qui en a tout de même conservé la dimension funèbre. L’évocation constante du thème de la mort dans ses albums a motivé l'étude de la rhétorique de l’isotopie de la douleur. L'analyse de son répertoire révèle que l'expression de la douleur se manifeste à travers plusieurs niveaux de construction, reposant sur divers procédés esthétiques. En combinant les perspectives de la linguistique, de la sémiologie et de la stylistique, cette étude examine les procédés esthétiques qui favorisent la construction du réseau isotopique de la douleur chez Alèkpéhanhou.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the maximal power of the lower limbs during plyometric training in a sandy environment. Methodology: Our study was experimental. It involved 10 elite handball players from the Etoile du Congo team. Anthropometric measurements and two physical tests were measured before and after. However, the jump versus movement jump (CMJ) tests were measured using the Myotest, the speed sprint test over 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters and the repeated sprint test with a two-minute recovery between series. Results: The results obtained showed a significant stabilization of weight and body mass index, and an increase in counter-movement jumping with the arms (p=0.20) and leg power in counter-movement jumping (p=0.57). However, reaction speed at different distances decreased very significantly and there was a significant increase in the counter-movement jump with the arm (p=0.20) and leg power in the counter-movement jump (p=0.57). However, reaction speed at the different distances decreased very significantly. However, there was only a significant increase at SR. Conclusion: Plyometric training improves the explosiveness of handball players' lower limbs. Indeed, this study integrates the current logic of handball intermittence. It can serve as a guide for optimizing performance in intermittent sports such as basketball.

SCI has a profound impact on physical, emotional, and social functioning, and rehabilitation should cover all these dimensions. In this systematic review, the review of physiotherapy techniques, including motor function restoration and neuroplasticity-based interventions, and cardiorespiratory physiotherapy, in enhancing recovery with social integration of patients after SCI, is done. Techniques such as strength training, gait training, functional electrical stimulation (FES), and robotics-assisted therapies are those which bring about significant mobility and independence improvements and can boost psychological resilience. The review also focuses attention on social integration and participation in rehabilitation, discussing important barriers that include accessibility issues, stigma in society, and emotional challenges. The holistic management approach is emphasized through case studies and multi-disciplinary approaches, including contributions from occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Assistive technologies and adaptive sports programs augment quality of life by promoting independence and community participation. Conclusions should be made to focus on patient-centered approaches that merge physical recovery with social inclusion to mean a man's living a fulfilled, active life with SCI.

This article analyzes the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruling on the OPAL gas pipeline, focusing on the legal foundations of EU energy policy, the principle of solidarity, and the far-reaching implications for the European gas market. The ECJ's decision underscores the importance of adequately considering the interests of all market participants—consumers, market operators, and transit states—when shaping energy policies and infrastructure projects. Moreover, the judgment highlights the need for a comprehensive assessment of the potential impacts of energy infrastructure projects on market competition, supply security, and the EU's energy policy objectives. Building on this foundation, the article explores the specific consequences of the ruling for the European gas market and examines its potential influence on future energy infrastructure projects.

Clostridioides difficile is the most important cause ofhealthcare-associated diarrhoea. The high incidence andrecurrence rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) is associatedwith high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics targeting C.difficile bacteria are the first treatment choice. Recurrent CDIinfection is due to antibiotics which disrupt the indigenous gutflora there by creating an environment that is favourable for itsgrowth. Antibiotic-resistant strains of C. difficile, hasincreased the challenge of treating CDI . It has come among thefive emerging resistant threats. The evolution of antibioticresistance in C. difficile involves the acquizition of newresistance mechanisms, which can be shared among variousbacterial species and different C. difficile strains withinclinical and community settings. This review provides a summaryof commonly used diagnostic tests and antibiotic treatmentstrategies for CDI. It aims to enhance our current understandingand pinpoint knowledge gaps in antimicrobial resistancemechanisms in C. difficile, with an emphasis on CDI therapies.This can be associated with the appearance of hypervirulentepidemic isolates of ribotype 027. The aim of this review articleis to characterise C. difficile as a new member of the“superbug” family. Due to its worldwide spread, the lack ofmany treatment options and the high rates of both recurrence andmortality, C. difficile has emerged as a major concern for thehealthcare system

This article explores the problem of violence in the school environment and examines the contribution of Physical and Sports Education (PSE) to its prevention, focusing particularly on the Senegalese context. It aims to shed light on how PE, as perceived by teachers, goes beyond its formal role of teaching sports practices to become an educational discipline that fosters the acquisition of social reference values and the promotion of a peaceful school climate. The study targeted PE teachers in Dakar-Plateau high schools, chosen for their role and expertise in the education system. A purposive sample of 30 teachers was selected. A survey questionnaire and a semi-directive interview guide were used to collect data, which were then processed using SPSS and NVivo software for in-depth statistical and qualitative analysis. The results reveal that the causes of violence in schools include inadequate family education, overcrowded classrooms, sometimes lax application of sanctions and authoritarian attitudes adopted by some teachers. Suggested preventive strategies include activities favoring wellbeing, inclusive management and the integration of social rules of reference into PE sessions. Ultimately, the study indicates that this discipline, through its educational and social dimensions, constitutes an important tool in the prevention of school violence, by promoting appropriate behavior and reinforcing social cohesion within the school.

Self-restraint is a fundamental virtue that shapes the course of an individual's life, influencing their ability to manage impulses, make deliberate decisions, and achieve long-term success. While its importance is often overlooked in favour of immediate gratification or external factors, self-restraint serves as a pillar upon which personal and professional achievements are built. This paper explores the significance of self-restraint as a value to be developed for success in life, discussing its psychological, behavioural, and societal impacts. It further examines the relationship between self-restraint and key life outcomes, including emotional regulation, goal attainment, and interpersonal relationships. By understanding and cultivating self-restraint, individuals can navigate life’s challenges with greater resilience, ultimately leading to enhanced well-being and success.

Physical education is a compulsory subject in middle and secondary schools. Its teaching still faces a number of difficulties, particularly where team sports are concerned. The problem of teaching team sports is analyzed here using the example of basketball as the subject of study, using a methodology based on surveys of teachers and observation of PE sessions. The results of the field survey reveal that the teaching of team sports in general and basketball in particular is faced with a number of problems, including the lack of teaching aids, which is not conducive to the smooth running of the teaching-learning process, and overcrowding, which affects the quality of pupil supervision, inadequate timetabling in the context of large classes, the pedagogical problem posed by the non- existence or poor condition of sports facilities, the thorny issue of assessment and the shortage of teachers to meet the needs of the field.

Background: Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) is an educational approach designed to integrate clinical practice with basic science teaching. In traditional medical education, the disconnect between preclinical knowledge and clinical application often hinders students’ understanding and motivation. Respiratory physiology, a critical subject in medical education, can be abstract and challenging without clinical context. This study evaluates ECE as a tool for teaching respiratory physiology to first-year MBBS students, focusing on its impact on learning outcomes and motivation. Aim and Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of ECE in improving the understanding and retention of respiratory physiology concepts among first-year MBBS students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 first-year MBBS students divided into two groups. Group A received conventional lecture-based teaching, while Group B experienced ECE, including visits to the respiratory medicine ward and interactive learning on respiratory conditions like COPD and restrictive lung diseases. Students’ performance was evaluated using multiple-choice and short-answer questions. Statistical analysis, including the Student’s t-test, was performed to compare group outcomes. Results: ECE significantly improved academic performance in Group B, with higher mean scores (7.86 ± 1.36) compared to Group A (5.37 ± 1.87) in COPD assessments (p < 0.0001). In restrictive lung disease assessments, Group B also outperformed Group A (6.39 ± 1.15 vs. 5.48 ± 1.91, p = 0.005). Students in the ECE group reported enhanced understanding, motivation, and engagement. Conclusion: ECE effectively bridges the gap between theory and clinical practice, enhancing students’ comprehension and motivation in learning respiratory physiology. The findings support incorporating ECE into medical curricula as a complementary teaching strategy to improve educational outcomes.

The aim of this article is to highlight the consumption of reactive energy and the consequences of not taking it into account in solar installations. Unlike active power, it is responsible for the magnetization or induction of electrical circuits (enabling the transfer of active power) and remains constant (depending on the type of equipment).The consumption of reactive energy is closely linked to the power factor which for certain installations takes on significant values. If for some equipment such as lighting, this energy is negligible or even zero, this is not the case for others used for comfort (fans, refrigerators, etc.) where its proportion is significant. For the occasion, we based our experimental study by considering the measurements of electrical quantities (power, currents and derived parameters) of a photovoltaic solar installation of an individual in Ouagadougou. These parameters were measured through computer supervision tools of said installation. From this study it emerged that reactive power can occupy up to 50% of the total apparent power. In a photovoltaic solar installation, this energy is provided by solar panels or batteries and its failure to be taken into account during dimensioning leads to premature aging of the batteries which also represent a gigantic proportion in the budgetary cost. There are also system malfunctions during significant power calls. In order to avoid these inconveniences, our study recommends taking reactive energy into account in solar sizing or providing reactive energy compensation.

Depuis 2013, l’organisation du pèlerinage au Burkina Faso est assurée par les agences de voyage agréés et coordonnée par le ministère en charge des questions religieuses. Chaque année, ces différentes structures font des efforts pour fournir des services de qualité aux pèlerins. Malgré ces efforts, de nombreuses plaintes sont exprimées par ces derniers. Uneétude a été menée pour documenter ces plaintes. Elle a eu pour objectif principal d’évaluer l’organisation du pèlerinage en examinant le niveau de satisfaction des pèlerins de l’édition 2023sur les différents aspects du déroulement de ce 5e pilier de l’islam. Après une revue documentaire, un questionnaire et des guides d’entretiens ont été élaborés pour collecter les données auprès des pèlerins, des responsables d’agences de voyages et des membres du Comité national de suivi du pèlerinage. Les résultats font ressortir des insuffisances dans la quasi-totalité des composantes de l’organisation du pèlerinage 2023. L’étude révèle que près du quart des pèlerins (24,5%) n’est pas satisfait de l’organisation du hajj 2023. Les aspects de l’organisation les plus importants à améliorer sont entre autres l’enregistrement des pèlerins sur la plateforme et l’octroi de visa, la vaccination, la formation, l’hébergement, le transport interne, l’encadrement, l’hygiène et la restauration à Mina.

In order to improve scientific knowledge on this technology to promote its use, we conducted an experimental study of the metal pressure cooker insulated with kapok wool, a biodegradable plant fiber, to determine the energy performance. The equipment allows to finish cooking meals only thanks to the heat stored at the beginning of cooking and to keep the cooked dishes warm for long hours. The experiments carried out on energy savings when cooking some local dishes cooked only in water revealed about 70% savings in butane gas for cooking cowpea and white rice, 38% for cooking oily rice, 75% for pasta and couscous and 30% for cooking potato stew. The average cooking energy saving is around 39%. Finally, we completed these results with a technical, economic and environmental study that showed that a restaurant that adopted a pressure cooker had recouped its investment after only 7 months and made net profits of 131,818 CFA francs during the first year of use. If we consider all the restaurateurs in the city of Ouagadougou, the energy savings made would save approximately 12,691 hectares of forest/year and avoid importing nearly 2,824 tons of butane gas each year. These results demonstrate that this technology can help minimize energy consumption in the restaurant sector.

This research investigates the critical issue of school environment among educators, with a specific focus on female principals in secondary schools in Kenya. The study aims to explore the relationship between workload and job performance among delocalized female principals in the South Rift region from 2018 to 2022. The main objective of the study was to determine how workload influences job performance of delocalized female principals in secondary schools in South Rift Valley, Kenya. It was guided by the theory of psychological wellbeing. The target population consisted of all delocalized female principals in south rift; there are 151 public secondary schools headed by female principals. 80% of them have been delocalized since 2018. Therefore, the study targeted 121 delocalized female principals where Kericho had 50, Bomet 45 and Narok 26. The study employed census sampling method to sample schools and all principals to participate in the study. Therefore, a total of 121 principals were sampled and included in the study. Data was collected by means of interview schedule and questionnaire including Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) tool that measured the risk of burnout. However, all the sampled population was administered with questionnaires while 30% (36) were administered with interview schedules in order to enrich the study with qualitative information. A pilot study was carried out before the actual data collection and a reliability coefficient of 0.85 was obtained therefore the research instruments was deemed reliable. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme version 23.0. Descriptive statistics were used in the data analysis and the findings were presented in frequency tables, percentages and graphs. The study found out that teaching capabilities of the female principals have been hindered due to many responsibilities as the principal and that insufficient staff increases workload on the principal. The findings of this study may be of benefit to the government, school administrators and policymakers in coming up with effective strategies that will improve emotional wellness of principals in schools. The study may also benefit teachers‟ service commission and the Ministry of Education in designing and monitoring intervention strategies to address the challenges faced by female schools principals in mental build-up.