July 2025

This study explored the perceptions of physical education (PE) teachers regarding cheerleading as both an emerging sport and a professional industry within educational settings. Grounded in Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory, specifically his concepts of Cultural Capital, Field, and Habitus, the research examines how teachers' perceptions toward cheerleading are shaped by their institutional environments, professional backgrounds, and broader sociocultural norms. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study engaged 15 purposively selected PE teachers from Senior High Schools and Colleges of Education (COE) through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework, revealed distinct differences in perception: Colleges of Education teachers viewed cheerleading through the lens of athleticism, performance discipline, and professional potential, aligning it with competitive sports, while Senior Secondary School teachers emphasised its inclusivity, recreational value, and role in student engagement. Both groups acknowledged the performative and social dimensions of cheerleading but differed in their recognition of its legitimacy and career prospects. Institutional and societal barriers, including curriculum exclusion, limited funding, and gender stereotypes, were found to hinder the promotion of cheerleading in schools. The study recommends the inclusion of cheerleading in PE curricula, professional development for teachers on emerging sports, and policy interventions to address gender biases and institutional constraints. These steps are essential to reposition cheerleading as a valuable educational tool and viable career pathway within the school sports ecosystem.

Impaction of a permanent maxillary central incisor is rare and often presents a significant esthetic and functional concern, especially in growing individuals. This case report highlights a unique presentation of an impacted maxillary central incisor associated with a compound odontome, which impeded the normal eruption pathway. Clinical and radiographic examinations confirmed the diagnosis. Surgical removal of the odontome followed by orthodontic traction of the impacted incisor was planned and executed successfully. This report emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management to achieve optimal esthetic and functional outcomes.

Background: Chiari I malformation (CM-I) is a congenital anomaly involving cerebellar tonsillar herniation that has been reported to be linked with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Long-term psychiatric outcomes post-surgical correction remain poorly understood. Case: We report a novel case of new-onset bipolar I disorder with psychotic features in an adolescent, occurring over 8 years after surgical decompression for CM-I. The patient had no prior psychiatric history and presented with mania, psychosis, and auditory hallucinations. Conclusion: This rare presentation points out the possibilities for delayed psychiatric sequelae in patients with CM1 even after early-life neurosurgical interventions, emphasizing the necessity of long-term neuropsychiatric monitoring.

Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries CCTGA and Double Outlet Right Ventricle DORV are two complex congenital heart defects affecting the structure and function of the heart. CCTGA is characterized by atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance allowing for relatively normal circulation despite the anatomical abnormalityi In contrast DORV occurs when both the aorta and pulmonary artery arise predominantly from the right ventricle often accompanied by a ventricular septal defect VSD leading to variable degrees of oxygenation impairment and cyanosis ii. We are reporting a rare case of CCTGA with DORV in a young 32 year male was admitted with difficulty breathing since childhood on exertion . 2D ECHO and cardiac MRI suggestive of CCTGA WITH DORV with late complication eisenmengerization.

La surutilisation de produits chimiques permet de maximiser les performances économiques et de production d’une part, mais d’autre part, leur toxicité peut avoir des impacts considérables sur l’environnement, la santé humaine et animale. La migration vers des systèmes de production agroécologiques est donc une alternative. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer les pratiques agroécologiques par les producteurs dans les Préfectures de Labé, Pita et Dalaba. L’outil Kobocollect a été utilisé pour mener les enquêtes. L’analyse descriptive des données a été effectuée avec le logiciel IBM SPSS 22.0 et la représentation des graphiques à l’aide de Sigma plot version 12.5. Les résultats ont montré que96,80% des producteurs utilisent des fertilisants organiques. Les superficies des exploitations en cultures vivrières et fruitières.Dans les préfectures de Pita (37,5%) et Dalaba (38,1%), moins de producteurs emploient les pesticides comparativement à la préfecture de Labé où 72,73% des producteurs font recours à l’emploi des pesticides. Les producteurs adoptent les systèmes : agrosylvopastoral, sylvopastoral et agropastoral. En somme, les résultats prouvent à suffisance que ces producteurs adoptent les pratiques agroécologiques évoluant dans le système d’exploitation d’une agriculture durable.

The purpose of this article is to analyse how the Philippines has responded to the growing US-China strategic competition by managing its maritime security. The article assesses that the Philippines is facing increasing pressure from China, especially in the South China Sea issue. This is related to the adjustments in foreign policy of President Ferdinand Marcos towards reducing the closeness with China since the time of President Rodrigo Duterte and increasing the alliance with the US. This makes the Philippines one of the arenas of US-China strategic competition in the Southeast Asian region. The article also assesses that, to better manage the issue of maritime security, the Philippines has promoted increased cooperation with the US, as well as other US allies. The Philippines considers this a significant response to China’s increasingly assertive moves in the South China Sea.

Sage or Salvia belongsto the Family: Lamiaceae, Genus: Salvia, Species: Salvia officinalis. Indian name of spices are in Hindi : Salvia, Sefakus Malayalam : Salvi tulasi Bengali :Bui tulasi Panjabi :Sathi. Foreign name of spices in Arabic : Mayameeah Chineese : Shu wei cao Czech :Salvej Dutch :Salie French :Sauge German :Salbei Italian :Salvia Spanish :Salvia (Indianspices, 2025). Common names are in sage, common sage, Spanish sage, culinary sage. Latin names are in Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulaefolia. Parts used are in leaves, flower buds. Taste are pungent, bitter. Plant properties are in aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, antiseptic, blood moving. Plant uses are sore throat, excessive sweating, infections, stagnant digestion, type 2 diabetes, hot flashes, toothache, sore muscles, high cholesterol, Alzheimer’s disease. Plant Preparations are in tea, culinary, tincture, tooth powder, facial steam, essential oil. The specific epithet officinalis refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value. Salvia officinalis has numerous common names. Some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage. Sage is a distinctive aromatic plant of the mint family. It is used as both a culinary and medicinal herb for digestive problems, skin and mucosal health. It is also a herb that has been well researched for improving cognition, mood and memory. Not currently on risk lists but complete data may be missing on the status of the species. Antihydrotic, Antibacterial, Mood enhancer, Memory and cognition and digestive support. Sage has a distinctive aromatic, pungent taste profile with a mildly astringent after-effect. The smell and taste of sage is both powerful and unique. It is used as a bacteriostatic and astringent in the form of a gargle for laryngitis and inflammations in the mouth and throat. These aromatic antibacterial compounds are very clearly active directly after taking. Sage is a staple herb in various cuisines around the world. It contains antioxidants, which may help promote oral health and brain function. It may also help to lower cholesterol and blood sugar. Sage is also called common sage, garden sage, and Salvia officinalis . It belongs to the mint family, alongside other herbs like oregano, rosemary, basil, and thyme. Sage has a strong aroma and earthy flavor, which is why it’s typically used in small amounts. It’s packed with various important nutrients and compounds. Sage is a natural cleaning agent, pesticide, and ritual object in spiritual sage burning or smudging. This green herb is available fresh, dried, or in oil form — and has numerous health benefits. Salvia officinalis, common sage, garden sage. Sage, (Salvia officinalis), aromatic herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) cultivated for its pungent edible leaves. Sage is native to the Mediterranean region and is used fresh or dried as a flavoring in many foods, particularly in stuffings for poultry and pork and in sausages. Some varieties are also grown as ornamentals for their attractive leaves and flowers. Several other species of the genus Salvia are also known as sage. Sage, scientifically known as Salvia officinalis, is a versatile herb that has been grown for centuries. Also called common sage or garden sage, this evergreen plant is a member of the mint family and is renowned for its culinary and medicinal uses. The leaves are oblong and grey-green in colour, with a distinctive peppery and savoury flavour. This deliciously scented plant has been used for centuries in medicine and culinary use. It has treated various health concerns, such as asthma, menopause symptoms, diabetes, inflammation, and digestive issues. This herb is also a common spice used in cosmetics and cooking – yum! Common sage has edible leaves with a rough texture and distinctive flavour. Sage has been an indispensable herb for centuries, in both the kitchen garden and the medicine cabinet. Not only that, but many species of Salvia are cultivated as spectacular ornamental plants whose blooms also attract a host of pollinators to your garden.

Trichoderma spp. is extensively utilized in sustainable agriculture due to their abilities to suppress pathogens, stimulate plant growth, and accelerate organic matter decomposition. However, commercial mass production often depends on costly media such as oatmeal agar, limiting broader adoption. Meanwhile, agro-industrial by-products like rice hull, coconut coir, and sawdust are abundant yet underutilized in many tropical regions. To evaluate the microbial performance of Trichoderma spp. grown on locally available agro-waste substrates as alternatives to oatmeal agar, and to determine the economic feasibility of producing compost fungus activators (CFAs) using these low-cost materials. Conducted at DA-RFO 02 Ilagan Soil Laboratory, three sterilized agro-waste substrates—rice hull, coconut coir, and sawdust—were tested for their capacity to support Trichoderma spp. colonization. Each substrate was inoculated and incubated under laboratory conditions for seven days. Fungal growth was documented visually and a comparative cost analysis performed. Rice hull demonstrated the most extensive colonization, coconut coir showed rapid but patchy sporulation, while sawdust exhibited sparse growth. Switching to agro-waste reduced production costs by over 99%, lowering expenses from ₱5,625 to ₱15 for 1,500 CFA packets. Rice hull and coconut coir are effective, highly economical substrates for mass-producing Trichoderma spp. intended for CFA use, supporting circular agriculture and low-cost bioinput systems.

Rosemary belongs to the Family: Lamiaceae, Genus: Rosmarinus, Species: Rosmarinus officinalis. Other scientific names are Rosmarinus angustifolius Miller, Rosmarinus latifolius Miller, Rosmarinus laxiflorus Noë ex Lange and Salvia rosmarinus Schleiden. International common names are in English: common rosemary; compass plant, Spanish: romero, French : incensier ; romarin ; romarin officinal ; rosmarin, Chinese: mi die xiang; mi tieh hsiang and Portuguese: rosmaninho. Local common names are in Germany: Garten- Rosmarin; Rosmarin, Haiti: lonmarin; omarin; romarin du pays, India: rasmari; rusmari, Italy: osmarini; ramerino; rosmarino, Japan: mannenrû, Mexico: guixi cicanaca yala-rillaa, quixi cicanaca yalatillaa, Middle East: iklil; iklil el-gabal, Netherlands: rozemarijn, Philippines: dumero; romero; osmiro, Portugal: alecrim, Russian Federation: biberiye; rozmarin, Sweden: rosmarin and Turkey: biberiye. Elizabeth Kent noted in her Flora Domestica (1823), "The botanical name of this plant is compounded of two Latin words [ros marinus], signifying Sea-dew; and indeed Rosemary thrives best by the sea." Rosemary is a fragrant herb that adds flavor to dishes and beauty to gardens. Easy to grow in India’s warm climate, it requires minimal care. Whether for cooking or medicinal uses, rosemary is a versatile addition to any garden. Here’s how you can grow and care for it. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a hardy, low-maintenance herb that thrives well in home gardens. With its strong aroma and distinct pine-like flavor, it is a favorite choice for enhancing various culinary dishes. Upright varieties of rosemary are particularly useful for both fresh and dried applications. This versatile herb can be grown as an annual, completing its life cycle within a year, or as a perennial, lasting for three or more years under suitable conditionsm. In herb gardens, rosemary is often cultivated alongside thyme, oregano, sage, and lavender, as they share similar growth requirements. Choosing the right variety based on climate, soil conditions, and intended use is key to successful cultivation. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is an evergreen shrub that is native to the Mediterranean region. It is Relatively easy to grow, making it a good choice for any low-maintenance landscapes or home herb gardens. The small, linear leaves are arranged on opposite sides of the stems. The leaves are rich in essential oils, and their pungent flavor and pine-like scent make them a popular ingredient in foods. The shrub bears small, tubular flowers that can be white (‘Albus’), pink (‘Roseus’), blue (‘Tuscan Blue’), or any shade in between. The flowers are borne on the upper leaf axils (the angle between the stem and the top of the leaves) in spring, summer, and fall. They can be used in salads and as a rosemary-flavored garnish. The growth habit ranges from very upright (‘Fastigiatus’) to spreading and prostrate. The upright varieties are best for both fresh and dried use. Rosemary is a perennial (completes its life cycle in 3 or more years) in most areas in Texas. If needed, fertilize the soil according to the test results to supplement the nutrition added from compost or organic matter. If the pH is too low, add lime to make the soil more alkaline. Add about 4 inches of organic matter or compost to the soil surface and incorporate it with a pitchfork or a rototiller to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. Raised or slightly mounded beds provide the best drainage for this herb.

In Burkina Faso, the consumption and marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contribute to food security and the well-being of the population. It is therefore important to develop valorization strategies that will promote sustainable management of species providing these NTFPs. The objectives of this study were to (i) contribute to a better knowledge of the physicochemical properties of gum from Combretum nigricans fom the three climatic zones of Burkina Faso (Sudanian, Sudano- Sahelian and Sahelian zones) and (ii) assess the nutritional value of this gum. The gum was harvested from different trees in nature reserves and then, for each climatic zone, a composite sample was taken for laboratory analysis. Analyses included moisture content, pH, ash content, nitrogen and protein contents, mineral content, total sugar content, fat content and secondary metabolite content (total polyphenols and total flavonoids). Results showed that climate significantly influences the physicochemical properties of C. nigricans gum. This gum has properties similar to those of gum arabic. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates and contains high rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium. C. nigricans gum has interesting nutritional properties and can therefore be used for food, commercial or industrial purposes.

The increasing reliance on digital technologies has exposed financial institutions to a growing spectrum of cyber risks. As financial services become more interconnected through cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, the sector faces escalating threats from cyberattacks, data breaches, and ransomware incidents. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in digital infrastructures, targeting sensitive financial data and disrupting critical operations. The financial sector’s regulatory landscape continues to evolve in response to these risks, with governments and industry bodies implementing stringent cybersecurity policies and frameworks. However, many institutions struggle to balance security measures with operational efficiency, often leading to gaps in cyber risk management. Additionally, it discusses the impact of cyber risk on financial stability, investor confidence, and consumer trust, emphasizing the necessity for proactive risk mitigation strategies. By analyzing recent cyber incidents and regulatory responses, this study highlights best practices for financial institutions to enhance their cybersecurity resilience. A comprehensive cyber risk management approach involves continuous risk assessments, employee training, robust encryption practices, and collaboration with regulatory bodies and cybersecurity experts. The paper concludes that while technological advancements improve security, financial institutions must adopt a multi-layered defense strategy to mitigate emerging cyber threats effectively. Strengthening cybersecurity frameworks, fostering a cybersecurity culture, and leveraging AI-driven threat intelligence will be crucial in safeguarding financial institutions against evolving cyber risks.

The study was conducted on the effectiveness of nursing care on orthopedic clients with immobility. Pre- experimental one group pre-test and post- test design was adopted and study was conducted in Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi institute of medical science and research. In pre test 6.7 % clients had moderate level and 93.3% had severe level after given the nursing care 90% had mild level 10% had moderate level. There was significantly improvement of mobility, prevention of bedsore and disability, a remarkably maintained health status in relation to effectiveness of orthopedic clients with immobility. The data was analyzed through statistical analysis and results were found as in pre test none, shown occasionally the improvement score of mean 19.20 with the standard deviation of 4.39 and the paired “t” test was applied. The “ t” value 23.96. Hence it was statistically proved that there is a significant improvement of orthopedic clients with immobility.

Studio- based learning (SBL) learning environments, typical of design and creative disciplines, rely on formative feedback and critique. Yet, it is difficult for educators to provide timely, substantive feedback to each student, and students report delay and brevity in comments. The current study fills that void by conducting needs assessment and conceptualizing an AI-enabled feedback system to complement studio-based learning. The study employed mixed-methods design: educator focus group interviewing (N=11) in Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and USA, and student survey (N=150) of studio classes. Findings indicate widespread frustrations about turn-around time to provide comments, comments depth, and grading workload. Kenyan, Saudi Arabian, and American instructors described feeling bogged down by high class enrollments and grading burden, as is also seen in studies on rising student-staff ratios and comments lag time. Students also described waiting weeks to receive feedback and that the comments largely lacked depth to enact change, as also seen in previous studies on discontent with feedback. Each of these groups also expressed optimism that an AI-enabled feedback system could provide more timely, individualized critiques, provided it is well-designed. The principal deliverable of this study is an elaborated technical specification sheet (see Appendix) of features and structure of conceptualized AI system. The study describes functional requirements (e.g., an AI engine to generate rubric-matched formative comments), technical design (integration into learning platforms, data safeguarding), and collaboration plans to engage a software developer and development cost estimate. Finally, the study proposes an orderly process of future development: sequential pilot testing, user feedback-led fine-tuning, and rollout to scale up. This project, financed by a $10,000 Stephen F. Austin State University JACK STARS grant, paves the ground for closing the pedagogical disparity of AI in SBL feedback.

Imagine a world where, with the benefit of state-of-the-art wearable devices, AI-powered apps, cloud networks and storage, and above all, a community of practitioners may be “connected” by their common desire for wellness. This paper addresses how meditation, a key aspect of yoga, can provide healing of mind and body, gateway to overall improvement in health and well-being, resulting in mind liberation and enlightenment. This is not new age medicine or healthcare. It is a return to the roots of human wellness in the post-humanistic order of life. The paper outlines the scientific paradigm of the Cosmological cycle, on the formation of the universe and the theory of evolution, providing the basis of Meditation. A customizable smart watch, AI-enabled app, cloud storage networks, and a community of wellness practitoners could serve to monitor heart rate and breathing rate for evaluating the effectiveness of Yogapathy among subjects. This cloud and data infrastructure would be purposed to promote psychosomatic health and well-being. Going further, we can also formulate a novelYogapathy Effectiveness Index (YefI) expressed as a function of the heart-rate variability, breathing efficacy, and electrodermal activity and apply it to monitor heartrate, breathing rate, and electrodermal activity, to enable personalized health monitoring and appropriate nudges to maintain well-being. We posit that this is the path to health for all in the architecture of a cloud-based community of wellness practitioners.

Saffron is a legendary crop of Jammu and Kashmir. Saffron is the most expensive and most valuable spice in the world. It is mostly known by its good quality. It is derived from the red stigma of the plant famously known as crocus Sativas. It has numerous colors which are known to the customers, the red one is the most famous among all, so it is rightly known as RED GOLD. The saffron cultivation can be put forth in any part of the world and its production is accessible to everyone. Saffron price mechanism is depending on the intensive labor during the harvest. The saffron plant is attractive in its appearance and is perennial and globular corms. And its height may be from fifteen to twenty centimeter the plant has its native origin to Europe and is also grown in Mediterranean countries like Spain, Austria, Iran, Turkey etc. The species has been also grown in Indian subcontinent especially in J &K and Himachal Pradesh. The saffron belongs to the family of iridaceous and commercial part of the saffron is known as stigma. The saffron has been known by many names in different states in India, in Kashmiri its known as (Kong). And in Urdu its known as Zaffron. There are many factors which influence the growth of saffron. Saffron cultivation is a traditional art in India. About 5707 hectares of land in under saffron cultivation. The annual production of saffron in India is around sixteen thousand kilograms. Jammu and Kashmir is the leading producer of saffron in India. Out of total 5707 hectares of land, 4496 hectares of land under its cultivation lies in Jammu and Kashmir. The famous worldwide for high-grade saffron is Pampore which is situated at a distance of fifteen kilometers from Srinagar in Kashmir.Crocus sativus L. is one of the most important plants. It is having various medicinal potential, and is widely being used in food industries. In Jammu and Kashmir State (recently an union territory), its cultivation is restricted to two districts only (Pulwama and Kishtwar). The extension agency must flash the light more on problems of saffron cultivation in recent days and considering a high value crop must promote its cultivation among farmers especially those areas where saffron cultivation is possible bypassing its existing limitations and it is possible then, the earning from saffron cultivation will be the real sense of livelihood of many farm families in India.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’analyse de la stratégie nationale d’exploitation du manioc et de ses dérivés en Côte d’Ivoire. Son objectif principal est d’analyser les contraintes qui freinent l’atteinte des résultats escomptés par ladite stratégie. L’hypothèse de travail repose sur l’idée que la faiblesse de l’exploitation nationale et internationale du manioc ivoirien découle d’un ensemble de contraintes structurelles, organisationnelles, commerciales et environnementales qui affectent les maillons essentiels de la chaîne de valeur. Le travail a reposé sur un échantillon de 354 personnes déterminées selon la technique d’échantillonnage accidentel. Pour rendre compte de l’objet d’étude, la théorie de l’approche des chaînes de valeur agricoles et la théorie institutionnaliste du commerce international ont été choisies. Les techniques de recueil des données sont la recherche documentaire, l’observation, le questionnaire et l’entretien. Pour analyser les données recueillies, nous avons eu recours à la méthode qualitative et quantitative. Il ressort de nos investigations que cette stratégie est confrontée à trois grands types de contraintes : celles liées à la capacité d’approvisionnement (comme le manque d’équipements, la faible mécanisation ou les mauvaises pratiques post-récoltes), celles liées à l’environnement des affaires (coûts de transport, accès au foncier et au financement), et celles liées à l’accès aux marchés (non-respect des normes, absence de marketing international, méconnaissance des tendances). Ces contraintes réduisent la compétitivité du manioc ivoirien sur les marchés internationaux et freinent l’impact de la stratégie nationale. Ces résultats soulignent l’urgence d’une action coordonnée pour lever les freins systémiques qui entravent la performance de la filière. Ces résultats confirment l’hypothèse de travail.

Tamarind belongs to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), subfamily Detarioideae, tribe Amherstieae, genus Tamarindus and species Tamarindus indica. The name derives from Arabic: romanized tamr hindi, "Indian date". Several early medieval herbalists and physicians wrote tamar indi, medieval Latin use was tamarindus, and Marco Polo wrote of tamarandi. In Colombia, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, and throughout the Lusosphere, it is called tamarindo. In those countries it is often used to make the beverage of the same name (or agua de tamarindo). In the Caribbean, tamarind is sometimes called tamón. Countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia call it asam jawa (Javanese sour fruit) or simply asam, and sukaer in Timor. While in the Philippines, it is called sampalok or sampaloc in Filipino, and sambag in Cebuano.Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is sometimes confused with "Manila tamarind" (Pithecellobium dulce). While in the same taxonomic family Fabaceae, Manila tamarind is a different plant native to Mexico and known locally as guamúchili. Common names are Tamarind, tamarind tree (English); tamarindo (Spanish/Italian); tamarinier (French); tamarindeiro, tamarineiro, tamarineira (Portuguese); tamarinde (Afrikaans/Dutch); Tamarindenbaum (German); asam jawa (Indonesian); asem jawa (Javanese); Tsamiya (Hausa); raqay (Somali); Sampalok (Tagalog); Demirhindi (Turkish). Imli (Hindi, Punjabi), Tetul (Bengali), Amli (Gujarati), Hunise hannu (Kannada), Tamber (Kashmiri), Puli (Malayalam, Tamil), Chintha pandu (Telugu), Chinch (Marathi), Tentuli (Oriya). Odhisa, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Himalayan tract. Imlee, Imli, Tamarin, Tamarindo, Tamarindus indica. Tamarind scientifically known as Tamarindus indica derives from the Persian word Tamar e hind means ‘Indian date’ is a tree in the Fabaceae family. The genus Tamarindus is having an single species only. Tamarind tree is a very popular Indian tree & a very charming tree. It is a member of the leguminosae family and Caesalpinieae sub family. There are different names to Tamarind called in different regional languages for instance imli in Hindi, Puli in both Tamil and Malayalam, Chintapandu in Telugu and nuli or tinti in Bengali. Native to tropical Africa the tamarind grows wild throughout the Sudan. Very long ago it was introduced into India and has often been reported as indigenous there also. It is extensively cultivated in tropical areas of the world. During the 16th century it was introduced to America and today is widely grown in Mexico. In 1797 one of the first tamarind trees was planted in Hawaii. Normally the size of the tamarind tree is very large and it can reach a great age of around 200 years. The flowers of the tamarind tree are very ordinary with nice spreading branches and a canopy of bulging flora. The tree is much admired as an avenue, park or garden tree as it has very useful fruits and the timber of this tree is highly prized. It has a short but strong trunk to bear the weight of its wide and extensive top. The almost black bark is thick and some longitudinal and horizontal cracks cover it well. The tree can achieve the height of 27 metres. In the months of May and June, there appear some tiny, scented flowers in the tree in loose, lethal and sidewise sprays. They remain almost unremarkable amongst the mass of the plants. The pods are quite numerous. They significantly vary in size and shape on the same tree. Their appearance is of brown colour. At this stage they are called as Chintakaaya in Telugu. Chintakaaya pachadi is a very popular from the Andhra cuisine. After their maturity they turn off-white and brittle. A stringy pulp contains the seeds from one to ten and the pod is more or less slimmed between these seeds. The pulp is brown and acidic in some of the varieties of Tamarind and in others it is sweet but the one with reddish pulp is considered to be the best. The new and fresh leaves appear in the first months of the year and they appear even in September in some special occasions. The conversion of the tree is strange. The leaves of the tamarind tree are compound in its formation and usually divided into 10 to 12 pairs of leaflets. They are quite small and become even smaller at the end of the year. They are square, smooth and they grow diagonally. The fruit also called as the pod is about 12 to 15 cm in length with a hard brown shell. The fruit has fleshy, juicy and acidulous pulp. When matured it is colored brown or reddish brown. The tamarinds grown in Asia have longer pods containing about 6 to 12 seeds whereas in Africa and West Indies the varieties are short pods containing only about 1 to 6 seeds. The seeds too are somewhat flattened and glossy brown. A tamarind is excellent when it is sweet and sour in taste and high in acid, sugar, vitamin B and interestingly for a fruit, calcium. The fruit of tamarind tree has numerous usages. The pulp is used as an important ingredient in the curries. There are some commercial uses too. It is preserved and also sold in the markets. It is also used as a laxative in medicine. People make powder from grinding the seeds and boil it to paste with gum and make strong cement. A substitute for wheat or other flour can also be obtained from them that are used by the people. The stalks of the seeds have been employed for road surfacing as well. The scientists also discovered that the seeds could make a cheap but efficient substitute for cereal starch that is used for making the cotton yarn in proper size, for jute fabrics and for woolens. Further, the leaves and flowers of the tree are also quite useful. An infusion from the leaves can make a fine yellow dye that is used to give a green colour to silks. Though hard and very difficult to work on, the timber of the tree is of high value. People widely use this wood for making wheels, mallets, furniture, oil and sugar mills. Tamarind is harvested by pulling the pod from its stalk. A mature tree may be capable of producing up to 175 kg of fruit per year. Globally, it is most abundant in South Asia, where it is widely distributed and has a long history of human cultivation. Many South Asian regional languages have their own unique name for the tamarind fruit. It is called the tetul in Bangla; tintidi in Sanskrit, tentuli in Oriya, Imli in Hindi, amli in Gujarati, chinch in Marathi and Konkani, hunase in Kannada, chintachettu (tamaraind tree) and chintapandu (tamarind fruit) in Telugu and vaalanpuli in Malayalam. It is known as siyambala in Sinhala language in Sri Lanka. There are tamarind that taste sweet and sour but normally the taste of tamarind is very sour especially its pulp

The fruits of globalization are unequally shared by countries particularly the developing ones and income disparities have grown over time. Growth does not necessarily imply equal distribution of income and wealth. Thus, equity can be a worthy goal of economic policies because of its strong link with social justice. Right to equality is inextricably associated with democracy. Grants based social schemes, helpful in promoting equity are now a days gaining importance in economic policy making. But these schemes are taking the shapes of freebies in Asian and Latin American countries making ways to the election agenda of political parties. Such populist excesses by political parties tend to mobilise the support of a large mass of people somewhat undermining democracy. The paper argues through game theoretic approach, that the ruling parties tend to familiarize such social schemes and once initiated by a political party before the elections is followed by the others to increase their respective vote shares, consequently weakening the power of democracy. Also mounting pressure of non- developmental expenditures due to fiscal profligacy by the governments causes them to fall into a debt trap.

Objective: To evaluate the success rate, hearing improvement, and complications of interlay tympanoplasty, where the graft is placed between the fibrous and mucosal layers of the tympanic membrane. Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients with inactive mucosal type of chronic otitis media having tympanic membrane perforation. All underwent interlay tympanoplasty, and outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The primary outcome was the graft uptake rate, while secondary outcomes included hearing improvement and complications. Results: Graft uptake rate: 92% at 6 months. Hearing improvement: Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) showed an average improvement of 12 dB (p < 0.05). Complications: Residual perforation in 6%, transient otorrhea in 4%. No significant cases of lateralization or cholesteatoma were observed. Conclusion: Interlay tympanoplasty is a highly effective technique, particularly for anterior tympanic membrane perforations, providing a high graft success rate, significant audiometric improvement, and minimal complications.

India being a signatory to the ICPD in 1994 implemented the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme in 1997 to achieve the targets set by the conference. In 2005, India again upgraded the programmeto RCH-II that becomes an ‘all in one’ design to cover reproductive, maternal, and child health, also covering both the demand and supply sides. Loaded with so much significance, it is imperative to study the health of the women (15-49 years) and child (0-5years) for a state like Tripura which is not a very homogeneous territory for easily providing standard health care services round-the-clock to all due to geographic location, hilly and difficult terrain having large number of ethnic groups. The present study attempts to estimate the relative position of the states of North East India in terms of Reproductive and Child Health deprivations using the multidimensional counting approach of Alkire and Foster (2011). The study covers a wide range of variables on reproductive, maternal and child health for the states of North East India and deals with inter-state as well as intra-state (rural-urban) disparity in RCH deprivations using household level information from NFHS-5. The study finds huge variations in RCH status both between and within states where Reproductive Health appears to be a crucial dimension of deprivation.

Introduction: Gall Bladder is one of the most frequently received specimens in histopathology lab & its diseases may present with varied spectrum from inflammatory & non inflammatory lesions to invasive neoplasms. Gall stones are a common health problem affecting millions of people. The most common diagnosis in cholecystectomy specimens is chronic cholecystits. GB carcinoma is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis especially if diagnosed late. Hence, detailed histopathological examination of every cholecystectomy specimen is important. Aim and Objective: To evaluate different histopathological patterns of Gall bladder lesion and to record the frequency of neoplastic lesions. Material & Methods: A retrospective study of 3 years with total of 200 cases was studied. All cases that underwent cholecystectomy were included in the study. Autolysed specimens were excluded from the study. Result: Out of 200 cases, 150 cases were females and 50 males. The most common age group was 31-40 years. Chronic calculouscholecystitis was the most common histomorphological variant in the study. 5 cases of adenocarcinoma of gall bladder were also observed. Conclusion: Disease of gall bladder require prompt surgical intervention. The most common presentation is chronic cholecystitis which is established risk factor for adenocarcinoma of gall bladder. Therefore meticulous histopathological examination remains crucial in the detection of premalignant andmalignant lesions.

Anthropogenic activities may directly or indirectly influence global temperature and climatic patterns, leading to an increase in susceptibility to various diseases and disorders. Modern infrastructure and technology in the field of medicine have provided great relief in the treatment of diseases, but a lack of innovation in vaccines and drug resistance makes us vulnerable in to putting up a fight against pathogens and diseases. Under such circumstances, nanotechnology becomes a boon to our lives. In this regard, metallic nanoparticles emerge as a potential agent in the biomedical field. Their preferred structures, synthesis procedures, and vast applications make them a fascinating exploration zone for scientists. Metallic nanoparticles offer numerous applications in drug delivery and treatment of many lethal and chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes due to their unique properties, like high surface area and high specificity. They also exhibit antimicrobial properties, making them reliable for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases. This article aims to give a general overview of some important metallic nanoparticles along with their properties and applications in the biomedical field.

Background: Polysaccharides from Shouchella clausii was characterized and the production was optimized with different variables using Box–Behnken experimental design. FTIR and 1H NMR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups corresponding to carbohydrates, proteins, and sulphates. Result: The polysaccharide-based nanoparticle was synthesized using CuSo4 and it was primarily screened for antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity. In the present study, the antioxidant potential of a polysaccharide mediated synthesized CuNPs was estimated by DPPH and reducing power assay which showed 35.95 % at 1 mg/mL and A700 0.495 at 1 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study makes an understanding and its possibility of potential uses.

Kiran Desai is the prominent representative writer of postmodern period and her novels focused on social issues like unemployment, gender discrimination, identity crisis, environmental degradation, man nature conflict, societal pressure, middle class life and spiritual rebirth. Kiran Desai explored Indian and foreign culture which correlate from different perspective for instance social discrimination, social justice, cultural differences, societal norms, religious and spiritual events etc. Hullaballoo in Guava Orchard is the story of middle class boy Sampath Chawla who is an employee of post office and earning livelihood but his inner voice is different which instigate him to run away from social responsibilities and boredom middle class life of Shahkot. Kiran Desai analyse the framework of social cultural issues and local Indian life of middle class people which explores their inner and outer characteristics along with their social, political and spiritual life.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, with extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounting for a significant portion of cases. Osteoarticular TB, particularly involving the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the foot, is rare and often leads to delayed diagnosis and increased morbidity due to its insidious presentation. The management of such cases is complex, requiring prolonged anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) and sometimes surgical intervention. Treatment adherence is critical for successful outcomes; however, non-adherence remains a major challenge contributing to disease relapse and the emergence of drug resistance. Clinical pharmacists, as integral members of the healthcare team, play a pivotal role in optimizing treatment outcomes through patient education, medication management, monitoring adverse drug reactions, and promoting adherence. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 24-year-old female presenting with pain and swelling in the left foot, initially diagnosed with tarsal-metatarsal bone TB and secondary osteomyelitis. After undergoing surgical debridement and commencing standard ATT, the patient discontinued therapy prematurely. She returned with recurrent symptoms including pain, swelling, low-grade fever, and a discharging sinus. Investigations confirmed active infection with rifampicin-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ATT was restarted alongside wound management and adherence counseling. Discussion: This case highlights the complexities of managing extrapulmonary TB and underscores the critical role of clinical pharmacists in improving patient adherence and preventing treatment failure. Through targeted pharmaceutical care interventions and collaboration within multidisciplinary teams, clinical pharmacists help mitigate complications, support prolonged therapy requirements, and improve clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacist involvement is essential in the comprehensive management of osteoarticular TB to enhance adherence, monitor therapy, and ultimately reduce relapse rates and drug resistance. This case exemplifies the need for integrated care models in managing complex TB cases.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing various sectors of society, from healthcare and education to governance and industry. This paper examines the complex relationship between AI and society, exploring the benefits and challenges that arise as AI becomes increasingly integrated into everyday life. The widespread use of AI has brought advancements in automation, data-driven decision-making, and personalized services, improving efficiency and convenience. However, the rapid growth of AI also raises concerns about job displacement, ethical implications, and privacy issues. By analyzing AI's societal impact, this paper highlights the need for responsible AI development, ethical frameworks, and robust regulations to ensure that AI serves the collective good. As AI continues to evolve, its influence on social, economic, and political systems will be profound, requiring careful consideration of its long-term effects on humanity.

The growing population has raised concerns about food security due to limited agricultural resources. Technological advancements in agriculture have improved crop management. Accurately predicting crop yield is vital for ensuring food security and informing agricultural policy decisions. With the increasing availability of large datasets and advancements in machine learning (ML) algorithms, this paper explored the application of ML algorithms for crop yield prediction. This research revealed that a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model outperforms other ML algorithms like LASSO and RNN, achieving a high prediction accuracy of 90% and the lowest RMSE value of 0.15 with an MAE of 0.107. The robust SVM model can handle complex relationships between input features and crop yield. These findings have significant implications for developing accurate crop yield prediction systems, which can inform agricultural decision-making and contribute to sustainable practices.

The purpose of this article is to analyse how the Philippines has responded to the growing US-China strategic competition by managing its maritime security. The article assesses that the Philippines is facing increasing pressure from China, especially in the South China Sea issue. This is related to the adjustments in foreign policy of President Ferdinand Marcos towards reducing the closeness with China since the time of President Rodrigo Duterte and increasing the alliance with the US. This makes the Philippines one of the arenas of US-China strategic competition in the Southeast Asian region. The article also assesses that, to better manage the issue of maritime security, the Philippines has promoted increased cooperation with the US, as well as other US allies. The Philippines considers this a significant response to China’s increasingly assertive moves in the South China Sea.

Background: Collagen membranes are widely used in guided bone regeneration (GBR) due to their biological properties, but their rapid degradation and poor volume stability limit their effectiveness. Cross-linking methods are employed to enhance the mechanical properties and degradation time of collagen-based materials. Methods: This review examines various collagen cross-linking techniques, including glutaraldehyde, genipin, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), chitosan, temperature, UV light, enzymatic methods, and nanoparticles. The structure, preparation, and properties of collagen-based materials are discussed, with a focus on comparing these cross-linking approaches. Results: The review highlights that each cross-linking method, such as glutaraldehyde, genipin, EDC/NHS, and others, modifies collagen’s mechanical strength and degradation resistance differently. Physical, chemical, and enzymatic cross-linking techniques are analyzed, showing variations in their impact on biocompatibility and structural stability. Conclusion: Cross-linking enhances the properties of collagen membranes, but no standardized method exists for creating a robust, biocompatible collagen matrix. The choice of cross-linking technique depends on specific application needs, and further research is needed to optimize these methods for tissue engineering applications.

In today’s digital age, ensuring the use of strong and unique passwords across various online platforms has become a vital aspect of cybersecurity. Despite this need, research shows that many users still rely on weak or repeated passwords due to the difficulty of remembering complex ones. Although cloud-based password managers help by securely creating and storing passwords, they come with potential downsides such as unauthorized access, data breaches, and reliance on third-party services. To tackle these issues, this study introduces an offline Android-based password manager that operates without an internet connection to safely generate and store passwords. The application allows users to create high-entropy, random passwords tailored to specific preferences, including length, use of symbols, numbers, and letter cases. It also functions as a secure vault to store login details, usernames, and personal notes in an encrypted and hidden format. In contrast to cloud-based tools, this offline solution uses AES encryption along with Android’s Shared Preferences for secure local data storage, preventing unauthorized access. An internal authentication system adds an extra layer of security by allowing access only to verified users. This project analyzes common password security issues, the use of encryption, and the reliability of offline storage in comparison to cloud services. Results demonstrate the offline manager’s strengths, highlighting its improved security, minimized cyber threat exposure, and strong privacy safeguards. The goal is to promote the use of robust password habits through a reliable, user-friendly, and privacy-focused alternative to conventional password managers.