Comparative study of regional vs general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients: outcomes and complications

Background: High-risk surgical patients (ASA grade III or IV) are more prone to perioperative complications. The choice between general anesthesia (GA) and regional anesthesia (RA) can significantly influence postoperative outcomes. Objective: To compare the outcomes and complications of general versus regional anesthesia in high-risk adult surgical patients. Methods: A prospective, randomized comparative study was conducted at Smt. Parvati Hospital, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar on 50 high-risk patients undergoing major elective or semi-elective surgeries. Patients were divided into two groups: GA (n=25) and RA (n=25). Parameters assessed included morbidity, mortality, postoperative pain, length of hospital stay, hemodynamic stability, and recovery profile. Results: Regional anesthesia was associated with significantly lower morbidity and no mortality, compared to an 8% mortality rate in the GA group. RA also showed superior pain control, reduced analgesic use, faster recovery, fewer postoperative complications (e.g., hypoxia, cardiovascular instability), and shorter hospital stays. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in the GA group. Conclusion: Regional anesthesia offers a safer and more effective alternative to general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients, improving clinical outcomes, reducing complications, and enhancing recovery.