Table of Contents: Volume 18; Issue 04; April, 2026

Life Sciences

Synthesis, charecterization and biological evaluation of some novel thiadiazoles analogs as their schiff bases

Kommana⁠ Balaram Kumar, B. Aparna devi, Ch. Jasmitha, G. Moulika M. Satya Sri, Sk. Sania, T. Usha Rani and T. Vinay Siva ram

ABSTRACT:
Thiadiazoles and their derivatives demonstrate a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, and diuretic effects. In this research, several new series of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Schiff bases were synthesized from benzoic acid reacted with thiosemicarbazide, resulting in the formation of the 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine derivative. The free amine group at the second position of this product was altered into various Schiff bases by reacting it with diverse aromatic aldehydes to obtain the target compound. The compounds' purity was determined through TLC and enhanced via recrystallization and column chromatography. The structures were established using IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information. 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole -2 -amine-Schiff basesanalogues were evaluated for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) properties using the cup plate method and antitubercular activity through MABA (MicroplateAlamar Blue assay) on the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50260.04.2026
Factores que inciden en la inmunidad de la vaca lechera en transicion

Jeanine Elisabeth Ibáñez Niklitschek

ABSTRACT:
Dairy cows in transition in any type of production system are subject to constant stress due to several factors that directly affect the immune system. The immune system is vital for protecting the individual against infectious diseases and toxins that affect both the animal's health and production and reproduction. The transition period for cows spans from drying off to 20-30 days postpartum, during which the immune system undergoes physiological suppression due to the mother's tolerance towards the fetus so as not to expel it as a foreign body. This leaves the door open for the onset of infectious diseases such as mastitis, metritis, laminitis, etc. In order to understand how these factors operate, it is essential to have a clear understanding of what immunity is, its components, and what it needs to provide effective protection, so that decisions and actions can be taken at one of the most complex physiological moments in a cow's life.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49926.04.2026
Mining of microsatellite markers in legume crops

Jinal Naik and Jitendra K Pal

ABSTRACT:
Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) are short tandem repeats widely distributed across plant genomes and are considered highly informative molecular markers due to their abundance, co-dominant inheritance, and high polymorphism. In legume crops, SSR markers are extensively utilized for genetic diversity studies, linkage mapping, and marker-assisted breeding. However, comprehensive genome-wide mining and comparative analysis of SSRs across major legume species remain limited. In the present study, genome-wide mining of SSR markers was performed using publicly available genomic sequences of major legume crops, including Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Vigna radiata. Bioinformatics tools were employed to identify SSR loci, classify repeat motifs (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotides), and analyze their genomic distribution. Primer pairs were designed for selected SSR loci to evaluate their potential applicability in molecular studies. A large number of SSR loci were identified across all analyzed genomes, with di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repeats being the most predominant classes. Tri-nucleotide repeats were mainly enriched in coding regions, indicating their possible functional and evolutionary significance, while di-nucleotide repeats were more abundant in non-coding regions, suggesting higher variability. Comparative analysis revealed species-specific differences in SSR density and motif distribution. The designed SSR primers demonstrated high potential for cross-species transferability and polymorphism, highlighting their utility in genetic diversity analysis and breeding applications.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50347.04.2026
Cerasomes as nano delivery system in combating various diseases

Ardhendu Kumar Mandal

ABSTRACT:
The conventional liposomal and inorganic nanoparticles suffer from their deficient morphological stability or biocompatibility issues in the physiological environment as theranostic nanoplatforms for the preclinical and clinical applications against various diseases. To overcome the obstacles concerned with bioavailability, biocompatibility, toxicity, insolubility, biological barriers, and other therapeutic adverse effects, nanohybride liposomal cerasomes as nano delivery systems (partially ceramic or silica -coated liposomes) have attracted attention to combat several diseases such as cancer, metabolic and other related disorders. The existence of polyorganosiloxane networks on the surfaces and the incorporation of liposomal bilayer structures into cerasomes boost their morphological stability as well as biocompatibility with similar liposomal or silica nanosizes. These highly stable nanosystems may integrate / encapsulate different cargos with / without ligands and / or polymeric coating as easy surface functionalization to get higher therapeutic efficiencies with controlled cargo-liberation to the targeted site/s and minimal side effects against diseases. This review elucidates chiefly the preparation, functionalization, and biomedical applications of cerasomes as nano delivery system against various diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50381.04.2026

Physical Sciences and Engineering

A detailed study of ideals in commutative rings with special emphasis on prime ideals, maximal ideals and quotient rings

Md. Naushad Anwar

ABSTRACT:
Ideals play a central role in commutative ring theory, providing a framework to understand ring structure and properties. In this paper we present a detailed study of ideals in commutative rings, with special focus on prime ideals, maximal ideals, and the construction of quotient rings. We review key definitions and known results – notably that every maximal ideal is prime, though the converse need not hold – and survey recent developments in the general theory of ideals. Building on existing literature, we discuss various generalizations of prime ideals introduced in contemporary research (such as S-prime, 2-prime, and 1-absorbing prime ideals) and their significance. In the methodology, a theoretical approach is employed alongside illustrative examples. The results include a comparative analysis of ideal structures in different rings and an examination of how prime and maximal ideals govern the properties of quotient rings (integral domains or fields). Two parameters – namely ring type and ideal type – are analyzed through example rings, with supporting tables and lattice diagrams.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50432.04.2026
The evolution and impact of digital libraries in the modern era

Mrs. Pooja Chandrakant Pujare

ABSTRACT:
In today’s digital era, traditional libraries are no longer the sole repositories of knowledge. The emergence of digital libraries has revolutionized information access, offering students and researchers a more efficient and convenient means to retrieve scholarly materials. E- libraries break geographical and temporal barriers, providing access to vast resources, including digital books, research papers, and multimedia content. This paper explores the significance, features, technologies, and challenges of digital libraries, high lighting their role in reshaping modern education and research.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50426.04.2026
Design of an in situ gelling ophthalmic system for enhanced ocular retention of timolol maleate in glaucoma therapy

Dharmendra Saad, Lokendra Mewade and Navdeep Jaiswal

ABSTRACT:
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a sustained-release gel system for Timolol Maleate to overcome the limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid nasolacrimal drainage and poor ocular bioavailability in the management of glaucoma. Formulations were prepared using various concentrations of mucoadhesive polymers and evaluated for critical parameters including clarity, pH, drug content, and rheological behavior. The gels exhibited a physiological pH and pseudoplastic flow, ensuring both ocular compatibility and ease of administration. In-vitro release studies in simulated tear fluid (pH 7.4) demonstrated that the optimized formulation provided a controlled drug delivery profile over a period of several hours, significantly extending the residence time compared to standard aqueous solutions. Kinetic modeling indicated that the drug release followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism, suggesting that this gel system could successfully reduce dosing frequency, minimize systemic side effects, and improve patient compliance in the long-term treatment of intraocular hypertension.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50421.04.2026
Assessment of urban management policies for sustainable development: a case study of the municipality of cacuaco, luanda province, 2020–2024

Lic. Nzuzi Jonete Abílio João Da Rocha and Prof. António Afonso Bindanda (Ph.D.)

ABSTRACT:
This article analyses the contribution of urban management policies to sustainable development in the Municipality of Cacuaco between 2020 and 2024. A mixed- methods approach is adopted, combining qualitative and quantitative methods (questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and documentary analysis). The results indicate that land-use planning policies, urban renewal, improvements to infrastructure, and social inclusion promote greater equity in access to basic services, stimulate economic activities, and strengthen local social capital. On the other hand, rapid urbanisation, the expansion of informal settlements, and institutional limitations present challenges that require enhanced strategic planning, citizen participation, and the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial monitoring.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50406.04.2026
Harmonization of anti-gad autoantibody assays: development and validation of a reference system for a progressive metrological approach

Nassour Annour Saad, Marayi Choroma, Issa Yaya Issa and Mahamat Atteib Ibrahim Doutoum

ABSTRACT:
Measurement of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) autoantibodies is a key biomarker for the diagnosis and classification of autoimmune diabetes, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). However, the lack of international harmonization across assay methods leads to substantial inter-laboratory heterogeneity, compromising diagnostic reliability, comparability of epidemiological studies, and patient eligibility for emerging immunomodulatory therapies. This study proposes a progressive metrological harmonization strategy based on the development of a robust reference system across five phases over 36 months: characterization of current variability (40 laboratories, 20 countries), development of commutable reference materials traceable to the WHO standard, multicenter analytical validation (target inter-lab CV <20%), harmonization of decision thresholds on 1,500 patients, and clinico-economic impact evaluation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50191.04.2026

Health Sciences

Use of stylosanthes guianensis in pelleted feed for sub-adult rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) raised under smallholder farming conditions in côte d'ivoire: effects on digestive health, growth performance, and reproductive performance

Sangaré Sidiki, Yapi Jean Noel, Laizih Yves Armand Attemene, Alassane Méïté and Kimsé Moussa

ABSTRACT:
Background: Feed availability and cost represent major constraints for rabbit farming in Côte d'Ivoire. Stylosanthes guianensis , a tropical forage legume, constitutes a potential substitute for imported alfalfa in the formulation of pelleted rabbit feeds. However, its effects on the zootechnical and health performance of breeding rabbits remain poorly documented. Objective: To evaluate the growth performance, reproductive performance, and health status of Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits fed a pelleted diet incorporating a fibrous core based on Stylosanthes guianensis , compared with a commercial alfalfa-based feed. Methods: Three hundred breeding rabbits aged 90 days (240 females, 60 males) were allocated to two groups: a control group (C) fed the commercial diet, and an experimental group (Sg) receiving the S. guianensis-based diet. Sixty females participated in the growth trial (90–174 days) and 180 in the reproduction trial (90–239 days). Zootechnical and health parameters were measured and compared using appropriate statistical tests (threshold P < 0.05). Results: Both groups exhibited similar growth performance: mean body weight 3,500 g, average daily gain (ADG) 20 g/day, feed conversion ratio (FCR) 5.8. Reproductive parameters were likewise comparable: receptivity rate 84%, kindling rate 72.5%, fertility 66%, with 5.7 total kits born, 4.8 born alive, and 4.7 weaned. Conversely, mortality and health risk were significantly higher in the C group (+4% and +6%, respectively; P < 0.05), and stillbirth rate was lower in the Sg group. Conclusions: Stylosanthes guianensis can effectively substitute alfalfa in the diet of breeding rabbits without impairing their zootechnical performance, while providing a notable health advantage. This legume constitutes a promising local resource for reducing rabbit production costs in Côte d'Ivoire.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50411.04.2026
Acute gastroenteritis with severe metabolic acidosis in a child treated with bicarbonate therapy – a case report

Dr. Rashmi Bhardwaj and Dr. Nikita Jajodia

ABSTRACT:
Metabolic acidosis is commonly observed in critically ill children, particularly those admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). Severe acidosis, if untreated, can result in significant morbidity and mortality. While the use of sodium bicarbonate infusion in metabolic acidosis remains controversial, it may be indicated in cases with pH <7.2. We present the case of a 2½-month-old infant with acute gastroenteritis, shock, and severe metabolic acidosis who responded well to bicarbonate therapy along with standard supportive treatment. The timely correction of acidosis contributed to stabilization, faster recovery, and reduced PICU stay

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49362.04.2026
Silver nanoparticles: a game changer in dental antibacterial therapy

Vijayalaxmi Gaikwad, Alisha Rokde, Geetanjali Jadhav, Rahul Hegde, Anand Shigli, Pawan Herkar, Apurva Borde and Kashmiri Phutane

ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to become a leading cause of death in the coming decades.Hence, new methods for development of further generation of antibiotics are urgently needed. Metalloantibiotics are aninfinite, wide and underexplored group of compounds.Inorganic compounds and metal ions have a history of antimicrobial activity and got attention in increase of antimicrobial resistance. Aim: To check the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureuswhen combined with conventional antibiotic used in dentistry. Methodology: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average particle size of 5 nm were used in solution form for the study.silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were utilized in solution. Brain Heart Infusion broth was used to cultivate a conventional strain of Staphylococcus aureus, which was then aerobically incubated at 37°C for a whole day. Following centrifugation, the culture was reconstituted in saline and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard (≈1 × 10² CFU/mL). A sterile swab was used to produce a bacterial lawn on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. AgNPs alone, antibiotics alone, and antibiotics with AgNPs were the three categories into which the discs were separated. Zones of inhibition were assessed to evaluate antibacterial activity after plates were incubated at 37°C for a whole day. Result: The combination of silver nanoparticles with different antibiotics showed varying inhibition zones. The highest inhibition zone was observed with silver nanoparticles and doxycycline (23.4 mm), while the lowest was with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)and cephalosporin (15.2 mm). Conclusion: AgNPs may help combat emerging antimicrobial resistance and improve the effectiveness of traditional antimicrobial treatments.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50459.04.2026
Association of physical activity on body fat percentage and anthropometric indicators among adults of north 24 parganas, West Bengal, India

Sarnali Sarkar, Ashish Mukhopadhyay and Mithu Bhadra

ABSTRACT:
Background: The crucial stage of young adulthood (18-29 years, n=500) is characterized by changes in lifestyle that frequently result in less physical activity and a higher risk of obesity. Although body fat percentage is a more accurate measure of adiposity than standard anthropometric measurements, less is known about how sports-specific physical activity affects body fat in this age group. Objectives: In young individuals between the ages of 18-29 years, the study sought to determine the impact of physical exercise on body fat percentage and investigate its relationship with anthropometric variables. Methods: Young adults participated in a cross-sectional study that used a non-probability purposive sampling technique. A systematic questionnaire is used to gather information on sports-specific physical activity, such as football, badminton, skipping, cricket, and excercising. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) are computed after anthropometric measures, including height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, C are recorded using standard protocols and a conventional approach is used to determine the percentage body fat. Multiple linear regression, the chi-square test, and pearson’s correlation are among the statistical analysis. Significance is established at p<0.05 Results: Cricket’s ability reduce adiposity is demonstrated by a strong negative correlation (p<0.001) between its duration and body fat percentage. There are slight but positive correlations between skipping and badminton. There are no significant correlations found with waist circumference or WHR, but there is a significant correlation (p<0.001) between physical activity level and BMI categories. BMI, WC, and WHR are found to be significant predictors of body fat percentage by multiple regression analysis, explaining for a large fraction of the variation. Conclusion: The results indicate that While BMI is remains a reliable indicator of obesity, young individuals’ body fat can be significantly reduced by engaging in rigorous physical activity. In order to prevent obesity and related health problems in this age group, it is crucial to promote regular, high-intensity physical activity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50451.04.2026
Antibiotic resistance and mortality in icu patients: a retrospective analysis of first culture growth results in rnt medical college, Udaipur

Dr. Neera Samar, Dr. Yatha Sharma, Dr. Rajkumar Yadav, Dr. Sazid and Dr. Narendra Kumawat

ABSTRACT:
Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are highly vulnerable to infections due to immunosuppression, invasive procedures, prolonged hospitalization, and widespread antibiotic exposure. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms remain a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, limiting treatment options and increasing mortality. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 60 ICU patients aged ≥18 years with at least one positive microbiological culture. Only the first culture growth per patient was analyzed. Demographic data, clinical diagnoses, isolated organisms, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were collected. Standard microbiological techniques and CLSI-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing were used. MDR organisms were defined as resistant to ≥1 agent in ≥3 antimicrobial classes. ICU mortality served as the primary outcome. Results: The mean patient age was 50.63 ± 18.82 years, with a female predominance (5:1). Respiratory involvement was most common (73.33%), with ventilator-associated pneumonia constituting 23.33% of diagnoses. Among 38 isolates, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequent (13.16% each). Other isolates included Acinetobacter species, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus species, and several less common pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed widespread resistance. Polymyxin B exhibited the highest activity across multiple Gram-negative organisms, while tigecycline, levofloxacin, and gentamycin showed moderate effectiveness. Carbapenems demonstrated variable sensitivity, and linezolid and vancomycin remained effective primarily against Gram-positive pathogens. Conclusion: MDR organisms are prevalent among ICU infections, with Gram-negative pathogens dominating the microbiological landscape. Significant resistance to multiple antibiotic classes underscores the urgent need for continuous surveillance, early targeted therapy, and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship to reduce ICU morbidity and mortality

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50424.04.2026
The rise of world englishes: historical development, global spread, and contemporary debates on english as a global language

Abeer Aldheferi

ABSTRACT:
The emergence of English as a global language represents one of the most influential linguistic trends of recent times. This article identifies and analyses the various historical, political, economic, technical and educational factors which have led to the growth of English as a world language. From the beginning of Britain's colonial domination in the sixteenth century onwards through the political and economic influence of the United States in the 20th century, English was institutionalised across all continents. In addition to the mechanisms of diffusion identified above, other examples include the press, advertising, radio broadcasting, television, international trade, scientific literature, digital communication technologies etc. We engage with some of the key conceptual frameworks relevant to this study (notably Kachru's "Three Circles" model) and discuss alternative accounts of the global spread of English (such as "linguistic imperialism", or "grassroots" theories of language spread). We particularly focus upon the transition from a single conception of "English" to recognising "world englishes," which illustrates how English is becoming increasingly diversified and localised in post-colonial and global environments. Although English can function as a lingua-franca to facilitate international co-operation, economic mobility, and academic exchange, the rapid expansion of English around the world creates problems related to linguistic equality and endangered languages. Ultimately, we argue that English is not at present a globally-dominant language because of its supposed superior properties as a language, but due to the consequences of long-standing histories of power relationships and current processes of globalisation. Although there are no signs that English will lose its status as a dominant global language anytime soon, its future will undoubtedly involve increased levels of diversification and changing patterns of multilingualism.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50404.04.2026
Patterns and sociodemographic profile of acute poisoning patients: A study from tertiary care hospital in southern Rajasthan

Dr. Anitha S Rajput, Dr. Dhruhi Mathur, Dr. Deepa Katara, Dr. Pankaj Garasiya, Dr. Nayan Kalal and Dr. Yuvraj S Chouhan

ABSTRACT:
Background: Poisoning remains a significant yet underrecognized public health problem in developing countries, particularly in rural regions. The pattern and prevalence of poisoning are influenced by various factors, including substance availability, socioeconomic status, occupation, and education. Objective: To analyze the demographic and socioeconomic profile of acute poisoning cases presenting to the District Hospital, Banswara, in southern Rajasthan. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 acute poisoning cases. Data were collected on demographics, type of poisoning agent, occupation, education level, and socioeconomic status using the Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale (2025). Results: Males were more frequently affected than females (male-to-female ratio: 13:7). The highest incidence was observed in the 21–30 year age group, followed by the 14–20 year group. Most cases were from rural areas (96%), with agricultural pesticides being the most common agents. A majority of patients had education up to high school or were illiterate. Laborers constituted the largest occupational group (32%). Most belonged to the upper-lower (78%) and lower-middle (16%) socioeconomic classes. Conclusion: Agricultural pesticides were the most predominant poison in our study across different age groups and various occupations. Most of the patients belonged to the upper-lower class, as per the Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale (2025).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50383.04.2026

Social Sciences and Humanities

Impact of cibil score on the financial management of borrowers: evidence frompalakkad district

Dr. Lakshmanan M.P. and Dr. Seethalekshmi, M.P.

ABSTRACT:
Background: Credit scores such as the CIBIL score play a crucial role in determining borrowers’ access to credit and their overall financial behaviour. However, awareness and understanding of credit scoring mechanisms remain uneven among borrowers, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions. This raises important concerns regarding financial literacy, credit awareness, and the challenges faced by individuals with low credit scores. Objectives: The study aims to assess the level of financial literacy among borrowers, examine their awareness regarding the methodology of CIBIL score calculation, and identify the challenges faced by individuals with low credit scores in managing their finances. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 120 respondents selected using a convenience sampling method, including salaried individuals, self-employed persons, and business owners in Palakkad district. Statistical tools such as Two-way ANOVA and MANOVA were used to analyse variations in financial literacy, awareness, and challenges across demographic variables. Results: The findings reveal that educational qualification significantly influences financial literacy and awareness, while age does not show a significant impact on certain variables. However, both age and education significantly affect financial management practices. Awareness of the CIBIL score was found to be moderate, with occupation and age influencing monitoring behaviour. Borrowers with low CIBIL scores face significant challenges in accessing credit and loan approvals, along with financial and personal constraints. The type of loan availed also significantly affects the nature of these challenges. Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of CIBIL scores in shaping borrowers’ financial behaviour and access to credit. It emphasizes the need for targeted financial literacy programs, transparent credit information systems, and inclusive lending practices to enhance financial inclusion and financial stability.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50452.04.2026
Planning, management and leadership academy: a strategic framework for institutional excellence

Ashraful Alom SK and Tania Parbin Moutushi

ABSTRACT:
In the contemporary educational and organizational environment, effective planning, efficient management, and transformative leadership are essential components for institutional success. A Planning Management and Leadership Academy (PMLA) is conceptualized as a structured institutional mechanism that develops administrative competence, strategic thinking, and ethical leadership among educational leaders and managers. This study explores the conceptual framework, operational design, and impact of establishing such an academy within educational systems. The research adopts a mixed-method approach involving surveys, interviews, and document analysis. Findings reveal that structured leadership academies enhance institutional performance, improve decision-making, and strengthen accountability mechanisms. However, financial limitations, resistance to change, and inadequate policy support remain major challenges. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers and educational institutions aiming to establish Planning Management and Leadership Academies for sustainable development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50439.04.2026
Alphabétisation et promotion des activités artisanales dans la commune de n’dali

Barka Issiakou Mouhazou and Dr. Atchadé Chambi Julien

ABSTRACT:
L’objectif général de la présente recherche est d’analyser l'influence de l’alphabétisation sur la promotion des activités artisanales dans la commune de N’Dali. Pour y parvenir, une démarche mixte de techniques quantitative et qualitative a été adoptée. Un total de 110 artisans, 05 responsables des ONG, 05 agents personnes ressources et de 10 agents des institutions administratives ont été enquêtés. Sur la base de la théorie du capital culturel, il ressort que les activités principales exercées par les artisans avec l’aide de l’alphabétisation est la vente en gros et en détails des céréales et des divers (59,64%), la transformation des produits (18,6%) et les activités champêtres (13,33%). De plus, les résultats ont révélé que les artisans qui investissent leurs bénéfices dans l’alimentation et l’habillement sont plus importants avec un taux de 49 % ; comparativement à ceux qui investissent pour rembourser d’autres prêts (16 %), réinvestissement (10 %) et la scolarisation des enfants (10 %). Ainsi les résultats montrent que la majorité des bénéfices permettent de mieux s’occuper de la famille. L’alphabétisation à travers la Commune de N’Dali et pour les enquêtés, joue un très grand rôle dans la société car, elle intervient sur tous les plans. Du point de vue général, elle participe aux savoir-lire et savoir-écrire dans les langues nationales. Ce fait, constitue une grande base que tout le monde peut acquérir comme ressource au besoin de n’importe quelle situation communautaire.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50387.04.2026
Attitude of teacher educators towards use of ICT: A comparative study

Jemima Sultana

ABSTRACT:
The rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the education system at present time. The use of ICT in classrooms has become an integral part of teaching–learning systems. The present study tried to explore the attitude of teacher educators towards the use of ICT in classroom teaching. Descriptive survey method has been adopted for the study. 200 teacher educators participated in the study as subjects, selected by random sampling technique from different government and private institutions of West Bengal. ‘ICT Attitude Scale’ was administered for collecting the data. After analysing the data by employing statistical techniques such as Mean and t-test, it was found that most of the teacher educators possess favourable attitude towards the use of ICT in classroom teaching. The results also revealed that gender does not significantly influence the ICT attitude of teacher educators. Further, the teacher educators of government institutions have more favourable ICT attitude in comparison to their counterparts. The findings of the present study have several important implications for teacher education and for the effective integration of ICT in classroom teaching.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50386.04.2026
Agroforestry and ecological sustainability of rural employment opportunities in Tripura

Mr. Bhaskar Ranjan Das and Dr. Sudipta Das

ABSTRACT:
Tripura, a small hilly state in northeastern India, harbours rich biodiversity and extensive forest cover, yet its rural communities face persistent challenges of agricultural stagnation, land degradation, and livelihood insecurity. Agroforestry—the deliberate integration of trees and shrubs into crop and livestock systems—has emerged as a promising strategy to reconcile agricultural productivity with ecological sustainability. This paper examines the role of agroforestry in promoting ecological sustainability and rural development across Tripura. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach that combines field surveys, key informant interviews, and secondary data analysis, the study investigates adoption patterns, ecological outcomes, and socio-economic impacts among smallholder farming households. Findings reveal that agroforestry systems contribute significantly to soil conservation, carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, and household income diversification. The paper argues that context-sensitive policy frameworks, institutional support, and community participation are essential for mainstreaming agroforestry within Tripura’s rural development agenda. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable land-use practices in ecologically sensitive regions of South Asia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50350.04.2026
Mediation as mechanism for resolving farmer herder conflicts in the municipality of tchaourou (benin): how effective is it in promoting peaceful coexistence?

Razak Kotchoni, GOUDI Dorcas, EL HADJ IMOROU Soulé and KOTCHONI Abdul-Razak

ABSTRACT:
The management of agro-pastoral conflicts represents a major challenge for social cohesion and the sustainable management of natural resources in West Africa. In Tchaourou, northern Benin, mediation is increasingly used as an alternative mechanism for resolving disputes between farmers and herders. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of this mechanism in the resolution of farmer–herder conflicts in the municipality of Tchaourou. The methodological approach combined mixed methods, including field surveys with 215 direct stakeholders and focus group discussions. The main data collected pertained to the frequency of recourse to mediation, satisfaction rates following conflict resolution, perceptions of fairness, and the sustainability of agreements. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The results show that 72% of the interviewed actors resorted to mediation, with a sustainability rate of 64%. Customary mechanisms remain the most frequently used and are perceived as the fairest. However, the system’s effectiveness is limited by several constraints, including a lack of coordination and the politicization of certain resolutions. The study concludes that mediation represents a relevant lever for local peacebuilding, but its long-term impact requires stronger institutionalization and better integration with pastoral policies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50333.04.2026