February 2013

Viscosities and apparent molar volumes of different concentrations of lanthanum chloride from 1x10-2 to 9x10-2 mol dm-3 have been studied in absolute and aqueous ethanol mixtures at temperatures ranging from 303 to 323 K. viscosity and density data were analyzed by using two different relations for the prediction of nature of lanthanum chloride in absolute and aqueous ethanol systems. A and B-coefficients of Jones-Dole equation show ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions respectively. The density data was analyzed in terms of limiting apparent molar volume (vo) and experimental slopes (Sv) obtained from Masson equation has been used to interpret the ion-solvent interaction and ion-ion interaction respectively. On the basis of results evaluated by using the different parameters it was concluded that lanthanum chloride behaves as a structure maker in absolute ethanol and 90 % (v/v) aqueous ethanol, while as the aqueous quantity increases such as 80 to 70 % (v/v) it behaves as structure breaker. Thermodynamic parameters such as energy of activation (E ), free energy change of activation (ΔG*) and entropy change of activation (ΔS*) for viscous flow have been evaluated as a function of concentration, solvent and temperature.

Several diseases affect maize plants and one among them is black bundle disease, causal organism of which is yet to be confirmed with conflicting reports appearing in literature. In the present work, an effort was made to record the disease incidence by carry out filed surveys in Southern most district of Karnataka state, India and also to isolate and identify the causal organism. The surface sterilized pith tissue from the infected plants was cultured on PDA medium to identify the organism in the affected vascular tissue. The isolated tissue produce Cephalosporium acremonium which was confirmed based on morphological characters. In addition, Simplicillium sp. and Macrophomina phaseolina were also isolated from the same infected plant material and suspected to have participated in the disease development. In accordance with several reports in literature, Cephalosporium acremonium was tested and confirmed as the causal organism of disease in green house experiments by following the Koch’s postulates. This is in contrast with some earlier reports, wherein the exact symptoms of black bundle disease were reported as barren stalks in corn caused by Fusarium sp. The simplicillium sp. which had morphological similarity with C. acremonium and had an ambiguous taxonomic status in literature was confirmed as a distinct species through PCR based diagnosis.

Panel testing (PT) slides were prepared by Bleach Ammonium sulphate (BAS) and N-acetyl L- Cysteine (NALC) methods. A total of 150 slides were prepared, 80 slides were stained and two different technologists validated 60 slides. Consistency was found true when compared with standard consistency table for all grades in both methods and M±2SD was within the limits. This study suggests that BAS method is equally good as NALC sputum concentration method.

The present study was undertaken to find and compare the adjustment problems of retired working and non-working women on rural and urban background. 200 retired working and non-working women were selected by using purposive cum stratified sampling technique. Old Age adjustment inventory developed by Shamshad Hussain and Jasbir Kour was uses for data collection. The data was subjected to statistical treatment by using Mean, Standard Deviation, and ‘t’ test. It was found that retired working and non-working women differ significantly on adjustment problems. Retired working women seems to have more adjustment problems as compared to non-working women. Further, it was found that locality has significant impact on adjustment problems of retired working and non working women, rural group was found more adjusted than urban group.

Glucose, glycogen, protein, amino acid and lipid are the major components of the body play an important role in the body construction and energy metabolism. The biochemical estimation were made in the tissues of the fat body, testis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens and male accessory reproductive glands (MARGs). The present study was find out the effect of (phytopesticide) Piperidine on Odontopus varicornis. The insects were exposed to Piperidine for 48h of duration differ significantly, the sub lethal concentration for Piperidine was found to be about 0.15%for 48 hours LD50. The glycogen, protein, lipid content appears to be decreased in the treated insects when compared to the control insects and glucose and amino acid content appears to be increased in the treated insects when compared to the control insects. The values of mean glucose, glycogen, protein, amino acid and lipid content of the fat body, testis, seminal vesicles, vas deferens and MARGs of control and treated insects are compared for significance of difference for which t – values are calculated. The observed t-values are significant at 0.05 level.

A thorough and extensive germplasm exploration survey was undertaken during 2009 and 2010 to assess the distribution and variability in seed traits of Jatropha curcas L. in Senegal. Nineteen accessions from different agro ecological zones of the country were collected to evaluate variability in seed characters. Trees aged at least 5 years only were considered. Among the seed traits studied, 100 seed weight ranged from 63.68 to 77.83 g and seed length from 17.89 to 19.15 mm. The highest 100 seed weight (77.83 g) was recorded for the accession Jc-16 collected from Mampatim. Accessions from Soudanian zone showed high values of seed traits while low seed traits were recorded in Soudano-Sahelian zone. Variability in seed traits was not linked to geographic location. Old plantations of Jatropha curcas are spread in the central, south and coastal zones of Senegal where the species is well known by the populations. However, the species was least represented above 400 mm isohyet and unfamiliar. No old plantation was observed in extreme north of Senegal.

In this work a preliminary investigation of the average daily solar insolation in Ihite Uboma LGA of Imo State, South East Nigeria, has been made. Method employed the use of the correlation between solar insolation and the solar resistance of a cadmium sulphide photoresistor cell mounted within the locality. Experiment suggests that the location has average daily insolation figure of about 10.0kWhm-2 per day. In comparison with NASA’s report of 2002, the LGA appears to fall within the high radiation zone of the globe and so can support solar projects. This investigation is informative and should attract the attention of both government and non-governmental agencies that are interested in solar energy harvesting for domestic and industrial use as well as the global battle against CO2 emissions.

The immense emphasis given to economic growth has shifted in the last two decades to concerns with sustainable development. A development path is considered to be sustainable if it ensures that the stock of overall natural capital remains constant or increases over time. The new advances in the field of accounting theory renewed the importance of ‘greening’ the national income accounts. That is, the depreciation or depletion of natural capital should be included in any aggregate indicators of net national output. This led to the evolution of the concept of Environmentally Adjusted Net National Product (eaNNP) which takes account of an economy’s national product after adjusting for environmental aspects and Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) as a comprehensive measure of a country’s rate of saving after accounting for investments in human capital, depreciation of produced assets, and depletion and degradation of the environment. The objective of this article is to establish the connection between ANS and eaNNP as well as analyse the simultaneity hypothesis across variation in ANS and several other depleted natural resources.

Urbanization and regional development are closely associated. Allocation of higher and lower order facilities and specialization of business influence urban growth which diffuses its benefits to the surrounding countryside. Subsequently, socio-economic development of the region comes into being. The continuous increase of urban size cannot be sustained rather declining growth will certainly set in long run. Optimum level of its growth depends on the capacity of an urban centre to provide required facilities to the people in fair manner. Hierarchical growth of urban centres in association with location of civic amenities induces regional development in hierarchical dimension which is the common problem in developing economy. Subsequently, few of the urban centres are having large number of facilities while others are lacking corresponding to their population size. Formulation of pragmatic planning model is the rescue of wiping out such problems. It is an attempt to analyze the hierarchical growth of urban centres associated with their functional potentiality and diffusion of urban developmental impulses to the surrounding rural part. Further, it proposes a model for developing economy like India to solve the problem of regional variations of development. Besides, it examines the adequacy and inadequacy of facilities in the urban centres and puts forward planning recommendations, so that a balanced regional development would be achieved by not leaving any rural part out of the zone of functional influence of urban centre.

For policies to solve women problems, their interest, determinant and level of their participation in agriculture have to be understood. This study was conducted in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria, to identify the factors motivating the interest of women in poultry egg farming. A stratified random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 60 registered women poultry egg farmers and 60 registered women non-poultry egg farmers respectively making a total of 120 respondents. Data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire to the sampled women. Analysis was done with binary Logit regression. The result revealed that years of education, number of children, poultry experience, farm size and participation in cooperative are the significant factors that influenced women poultry farmers’ interest in egg production. It was predicted from Logit estimate that the rate at which the significant factors in the model influence women interest in egg production was 50.4%.

The Molluscans are helpful in purification of water in their capacity to act as scavengers. The Molluscans play an important role in the assessment of water quality that is they are used as Bio indicators. The rivers are always selected as the sites for drinking purposes. The biodiversity of Narmada River is quite varied, rich and needs regular monitoring and conservation as the river is subjected to various sources of point and non point pollution which are posing threat to these biota. The present investigation was carried out in four sampling stations of Narmada River and various species of class Gastropoda and pelecypoda were recorded through out the sampling period. Some species of Molluscans like Lymnea lives in only highly polluted environment. The species like Thiara and Indoplanorbis live in slightly polluted environment, while the species like Pseudomilleria delyi is highly sensitive to pollution and can survive in pollution free environment. On the presence these Species we can know the water quality of river.

Marine sponges are rich sources of novel secondary metabolite and they are potential drug molecule to antitumor and antiprolific drug development. Hyrtios erectus was extracted and purified through different solvent fractions methods. Pure compound was obtained as brownish amorphous powder. The positive test for dragendorff reagent was indicated as alkaloid group. Cytotoxicity was tested on Normal (Vero) cell line non tumor cells, Human Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and Human epithelial larynx cancer cell line (Hep-2) using microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay for anticancer activity. Sponge pure compound was non‐toxic to (Vero) cells but highly cytotoxicity to (53%) MCF-7 cells and low toxic to Hep-2(32%) was recorded at 25μg/ml concentration. Each concentrations express individual results of cells viability with cytotoxicity increase and decrease of their concentration level of pure compound. In this research further investigation require for this sponge purified compound in order to chemical structure elucidations as well as pre clinical study for anticancer activity.

This paper revealed the characteristics of arable-land resources and utilization, the basic process and regional difference of changes in arable-land area and current direction of cultivated land according to the arable-land statistics data during the reform and opening-up over the past 20 years and detailed survey and altered data of land use during the recent five years. Also, the major driving factors and influence mechanism for the changes in the cultivated land area were discussed. The main conclusions were shown below: (1) There was a trend of obvious fluctuant decrease in arable-land area during the past 20 odd years. The changes of arable-land undergone the process from gentle decrease to steep decrease to slow decrease, and there were three peak periods of arable-land loss in 1985 from beginning to end, 1987-1990 and 1991-1993, respectively. (2) The decreased arable-land was mainly converted into land used for industrial and mining, residential area, and all kinds of traffic and orchard. The increase of arable-land mainly came from exploitation and reclamation of non-utilized land and arrangement and reclamation of industrial and mining's land. (3) The economic development, population growth and policy were the dominant macro-driving factors in decrease of cultivated land area in Yantai. The obvious break during the change process of arable-land was related to the national macro-policies background. The rapid decrease of cultivated land area coincided in time with the overheated economic growth resulting from the direct investment in fixed assets. Spatial distribution of the decrease in arable-land matched the differences in speed and scale of economic growth between different regions of Yantai area. Furthermore, the decrease in arable-land because of population increase could not be ignored.

Dawadawa is a fermented seed meal of a tropical tree plant; Parkia biglobosa. It is commonly used in Ghanaian homes as flavour enhancers in varieties of meals. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dawadawa as a spicing agent on sensory characteristics and nutritional qualities of meat products (smoked pork sausage and burgers). Fresh boneless beef and pork were minced separately and were used to formulate burgers and smoked pork sausages, with various levels of dawadawa inclusions. The Control products (Treatment 1(T1) were formulated with a standard flavour enhancer [Adobo at 2g/kg meat], Treatment two (T2) products were formulated with 2g dawadawa and 2g adobo/kg meat, Treatment three (T3) products were formulated with 2g dawadawa/kg meat, while Treatment four (T4) products were formulated with 4g dawadawa/kg meat. All other ingredients were added in equal amounts to the meat and thoroughly mixed. The products were bagged and refrigerated for sensory and chemical analyses at later dates. The use of dawadawa up to 4g/kg meat in the meat products increased the crude protein content significantly (P<0.001) and had no effect (P>0.05) on the sensory characteristics of the products. Dawadawa could be used in meat products up to 4g/kg meat for improved crude protein content.

As part of research towards enhancing the value chain of sorghum utilisation in Ghana, a study was conducted in four districts in the Northern and Volta regions of Ghana, to investigate the marketing prospects for commercial sorghum malt. Purposeful sampling technique was employed to select the communities and snowball sampling was used to identify the brewers and maltsters in the communities. Two hundred and fifteen (215) respondents were interviewed and the data obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Majority of brewers (95 %) were willing to expand their production level while large proportion (85 %) of brewers were willing to purchase commercial malt. This is an indication that commercial sorghum malt has marketing potential in the study area.

The large demand and lower yield of bis indole alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine), which are present in the leaves of catharanthus roseus, promote research effort for the development of superior stocks. The seeds of C. roseus have been treated with different doses of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate alone and in combination with more attention towards increased percentage of bis indole alkaloid production to meet current medical demand. As a result of mutagenic treatment, five morphologically and chemically dissimilar mutants were isolated after critical examination upto M3 generation. These mutants have shown stable agronomic performance in the fields. The scanning electron microscopy of seeds of mutants along with control has revealed extensive variation in seed coat structure. The seed surface have irregular and unevenly arranged elevated area (ridges) and minute depressions of various geometrical shapes (lumina) were present between these elevations. The depressions were decorated with beaded structure.

In order to evaluate of six corn genotypes for drought stress tolerance an experiment was conducted under field conditions at Satloo station of agricultural research center of west Azerbaijan province in 2010-11 seasons. A strip plot experiment with the based on complete blocks design was carried out at four replications. Three drought stress levels including control, water held at flowering stage and ear emergence arranged as main plots and six genotypes single crosses of 704, 700, 640, 540, 500, and 260 were at subplots. Results analysis of variance showed that for traits of plant height, leaf area, ear length and diameter, grain per row, grain per ear, wood ear weight, 100-kernel weight, harvest index, total dry matter, grain yield and shoot weight under drought stress, genotypes and interaction between them were significantly differences (p≤0.05). Single crosses of 640 and 704 with 3458 and 3442g/m2 grain yield at well-watered had the highest amounts and single crosses of 500 and 700 with 1430 and 1406g/m2 at drought stress of flowering stage were the lowest values. Indices of STI, GMP, MP, and HAR identified genotypes of 640, 540 with 1917 and 2162g/m2 grain yield as tolerant, and single cross 700 with 1512g/m2 as a sensitive genotype. HAR index had significant positive correlation with grain yield under drought stress (r=0.91**) and it was the best index for identifying drought tolerance genotypes. Principal component analysis showed that two first components explained more than 95% of variations. Also MP and TOL indices with 82% and 77% had the highest coefficients at the first and second components, respectively.

This paper examines the role of culture in organizational performance. It is a research carried out using the secondary data done by different researchers. The main objective of the study is to assess the roles culture play in the performance of an organization. The elements of corporate culture were identified as business environment, values, heroes, rites and rituals, cultural network, norms, artifacts and basic assumptions. Similarly, the elements of cultural web were noted as rituals, stories, symbols, power structures, cultural systems and organizational structure. The development and layers of organizational structure were also explored. This paper concludes that culture plays the roles of: an asset aspect of; easing communication, facilitating organizational decision making and facilitating cooperation and productivity; and a liability aspect, when important shared beliefs and values interferes with the needs of the organization and its customers. Thus, if actual behavior matches the required, the more effectively and productively the individuals of the organization accomplish their objectives. However, if the behavioral patterns are inconsistent with the needs, values and skills of organization members, dysfunctional consequences develop leading to poor performance. This paper recommends that management in organizations should aggressively ensure awareness and internalization of the company values to all employees. Management should, similarly, take the lead role in shaping and changing the weak culture into appropriate culture via role modeling and mentoring. In furtherance, culture should be enhanced because it is a key resource.

Background: Migration is found to be an important transmission mode of HIV infection mainly through unsafe sex with Female Sex Workers. Many workers have chances and choices to get FSWs. If sex behaviour is unsafe with FSWs, there will be more likely for HIV risk. Keeping the above in view, an attempt is made to find the relationship between the marital status and Female sex workers contact of male workers in hotels of Chennai and Madurai Districts of Tamil Nadu. Methods: The data base of this study is ICSSR-funded research project on Sexual behaviour and HIV risk among hotel male migrant worker in Tamil Nadu: An assessment. The sample respondents (581) with their marital status have been chosen for this study purpose. Results: The respondents who have ever had sex with Female Sex Workers in last one year prior to this study constitute about 21.3 percent, among them 48.4 percent are married 51.6 are single respondents. Single respondents have more multiple FSW partners than married. Condom used is very less among married respondents than single while the sexual encounter with FSWs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the pattern of migration influences premarital/extramarital sexual behaviour of the migrant labourers and enhances HIV risk chances through unsafe sex in an absence of condom use. In addition to a focus on high risk group, it could also be extended to improve the knowledge and enhance access to services to the general population and rural population. This will put the programme on the right track.

The aim of the present study was to compare the antioxidant system of two algae harvested from the Tunisian north costal region. Also we searched a potential resource of new antioxidant compounds, which can be used in health field or for food quality determination. Two Mediterranean, green and vigour algae: Codium bursa (Olivi) C. Agardh and Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman and Boudouresque were chosen for this purpose. The two species belonging to the Ulvaceae, grew in Sidi Raies a coastal region in Tunisia. Activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (APX)]; carotenoïds as well as chlorophylls (a and b) and protein soluble contents were determined. Our result indicated that there are an important accumulation of carotenoids and chlorophylls; furthermore, the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and APX showed a positive correlation with antioxidant content in the two algae, revealing that they were resistant to the growth medium conditions. But in the other hand, all their antioxidants products and enzymatic activities were higher in Codium bursa than in Caulerpa racemosa means that Codium bursa had higher resistance to the medium thus it could be a good model for culture and production of healthy, useful, such as carotenoids.

The present study is aimed at making a comparative study of the direct spectrophotometric determination of 5-nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole, ornidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole and satranidazole with 0.5% sulphanilamide and 0.3% NEDA. Each of the drug samples was boiled for 90 minutes at a temperature of 90oC followed by the treatment with the reagents 0.5% sulphanilamide and 0.3% NEDA. It exhibited a stable instantaneous reddish purple, colour, which showed maximum absorbance at 540nm. With each of the above mentioned drug samples, the same colour was observed and the maximum absorbance was at 540nm for all. Beer’s law obedience, correlation factor, stability, LOD and LOQ were given below for a comparative study.

Ephemeroptera is an important group of insects used in the bioassessment and monitoring of freshwater bodies worldwide because of their relative abundance in a wide variety of substrates and their increasing chances of detecting pollution impacts. In present study limnological studies on various sampling sites of river Narmada were carried out from August 2009 to July 2010 to enumerate the diversity of mayfly fauna. Four sampling sites viz; Punasa dam (Narmada Nagar), Omkareshwar, Khalgat and Koteshwar (Barwani) were sampled quantitatively. During present investigation, 17 species comprising of 6 families were recorded including Baetidae, Ephemerdae, Heptageniidae and Leptophlebiidae.

In the present study, the molecular structure, vibrational and electronic analyses of 3-(4-fluorobenzoyl) propionic acid (34FBPA, C10H9FO3) were presented using experimental techniques (FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-VIS) and density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP exchange correlation with the 6-31G(d)basis set. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded in the regions of 4000–400 cm−1 and 4000–100 cm−1, respectively. The UV–VIS absorption spectra of the compound that dissolved in ethanol and water solution were recorded in the range of 190–400 nm. The lower value in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) energy gap explains the eventual charge transfer interactions taking place within the molecule. The UV-VIS spectral analysis of 34FBPA has been calculated by theoretically in order to understand the electronic transitions of the compound, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations on electronic absorption spectra in solvents (water and ethanol) were performed. The calculated frontier orbital energies (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), absorption wavelengths (), oscillator strengths (f) and excitation energies (E) for solvent are also illustrated. Thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy and enthalpy) of the title compound at different temperatures were calculated. Finally, the calculation results were compared with measured infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which show good agreement with the observed spectra.

Pune city is one of the emerging cities of the Modern India. Three major rivers (Pavana, Mula and Mutha) are flowing through this city. All the domestic sewage, industrial effluents and solid waste find its way to these rivers via channels which affect the quality of flowing water and also creating health problems. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the flowing water pollution in the Pune city. 14 physicochemical parameters were analyzed. Among the two rivers, Mutha was found highly polluted.

To assess Cd and Cu phytotoxicity, experiments focusing on germination of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘Manel’) seeds were germinated for two days in a solution containing CdCl2 (25, 50 and 100 µM) or CuSO4 (100, 300 and 500 µM) . The growth of radicles and shoots decreased while the water content in stressed seeds remained near control values. A decline in α-amylase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities was also observed in endosperms while β-amylase activity was only slightly modified by heavy-metal treatments. However, Cd and Cu increased lipid peroxydation, enhanced soluble protein and sugar content even at the lowest dose and induced a significant accumulation of proline essentially in radicles. These results suggest that the inhibition of seed germination after exposure to Cd or Cu is not the consequence of reduced water uptake by seed tissues but may be due to a failure in reserve mobilization from the endosperm.

A simple HPLC-UV-DAD method was developed for rapid identification and quantitation of tectorigenin in five species of genus Iris viz Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris germanica, Iris kashmeriana and Iris spuria growing wild in Kashmir valley. The analysis was performed by using Chromolith RP-18e analytical column (5 μm; 4.6 mm × 100 mm) at isocratic elution of methanol and water (30:70, v/v) with diode array detection at 265nm. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r2 > 0.998) within test ranges and recoveries were 98.2 to 101.2%. The optimized method was successfully applied for the analysis of tectorigenin in 12 samples of five species of Iris collected from different eco-geographical zones. The tectorigenin content in investigated samples was greatly variant ranging from 1.08% to 8.84% with a maximum in Iris germanica collected from Gulmarg region of Kashmir valley. The method established in this paper is simple and reliable and could easily be used for the qualitative analysis of tectorigenin in Iris species. Furthermore, to evaluate anti-cancer properties, different concentrations of tectorigenin were tested against colon cancer cell line, Caco-2 using MTT cell proliferation assay. The results showed a prominent growth inhibition in a concentration dependent manner with maximum inhibition at a concentration of 100µM.

Shrimp culture in ponds has been one of the major sources of livelihoods for the fish farmers whereas shrimp disease is the most serious problem that the farmers have been facing. Although shrimp farming has been quite successful and the technology has continually improved, it has caused some environmental damage such as eutrophication, sedimentation in coastal area, chemical bioaccumulation in waterborne and deleterious pond bottom soil. In the present study fluctuation of pH ratio was between 7.9 and 8.8 in the early morning, while fluctuation of pH value was between 8.0 and 8.4 in the station 1 and 7.5 to 8.2 in the station 2. In station 1 DO values fluctuated varied between 5.5 mg/l and 3.5 mg/l in the morning and between 5.5 mg/l to 6.5 mg/l in the evening and in the station 2 DO values vary from 2.7 to 5.5 in the morning and 5.0 to 7.0 mg/l in the evening. The high survival rate was recorded in station 2 (70%) and the low survival was recorded in station 1 (70%). Maximum production was station 1 and 2 was 31grm, 37grms respectively. The highest microbial load recorded in the station 1 was 150 and station 2 was 80. The present study confirming that, if we maintain the microbial population and water quality parameters in proper way, definitely famers can achieve their production and profit.

Nanobiotechnology is emerging day by day in the today’s technology. Here we are giving the different synthesis procedures of silver nanoparticles and the results of their characterization. All the particles obtained shows nearly similar characteristics. Plant mediated , Algae mediated and fungal mediated are the three different souces taken here. Finally applications of these nanoparticles are mentioned. These nanoparticles are quite impressive and have wide bandwidth of applications.

Cigarette smoking is associated with development and progression of numerous chronic diseases worldwide. In India smoking is a common habit in both rural and urban areas. Cigarette smoking is associated with alterations in inflammatory markers among smokers and it causes various effects on body including blood. It is well recognized that smoking is one of the most important factors contributing to the evolution of atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was the smoking habits and its effect on blood parameters like Total Leukocyte Count, Differential Leukocyte Count, Total Red Blood Cell Count, Hemoglobin concentration and Packed Cell Volume. In this study 50 adult healthy male smokers and 50 adult healthy male non-smokers aged 30 to 60 year were taken from locality of Burla town, Sambalpur, Odisha. The smoker and nonsmoker groups were identified by self implemented questionnaire which was filled by the subjects . TLC, TRBC, Hb, PCV, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes were increased and Neutrophils and Monocytes were decreased in light smoker and heavy smoker in comparison to nonsmoker.

The study was carried out In Phagwara Tehsil of Punjab to determine various physical and chemical parameters from Industrial effluents. The industrial effluents are thrown into the river Kali baien through Gandanala. Midstream samples were collected for analysis from phagwara to Khera. The samples were analyzed for temperature, E.C, Turbidity, PH, total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, COD and Alkalinity. Temperature was recorded to ± 0.10C accuracy, immediately after collecting the samples. The temperature varies from 6oc to 38oc during December to May. The variation in temperature was mainly related with temperature of atmosphere and weather condition. E.C was measured by digital conductivity meter which varied from 0.807 (mhos/cm) to 1.748 (mhos/cm). The higher value of E.C indicates a larger quantity of dissolved mineral salts thereby making it sour and unsuitable for use. The turbidity values of sample varied from 38.3 NTU to 58.4 NTU. The higher value of turbidity indicates the presence of suspended particles. The PH ranged from 7.1 to 7.9. The organic pollution was mild as indicated by D.O (6.4 – 7.7 mg/l) and BOD (5.3 – 6.5 mg/l). But the highest value of COD ranged between 27.0 mg/l to as high as 40.7mg/l indicates industrial pollution. Total hardness values varied from 178 to 229 mg/l that makes the water unsuitable for domestic uses. The total solids determined ranged between 335 to 445 mg/l. It increases turbidity and electrical conductivity. Alkalinity values ranged from 167 to 217 mg/l. The higher values are due to discharge of industrial effluents upstream.

Sustaining agriculture and food security in the face of serious and widespread problems of resource degradation and more ominous climate change related issues has emerged as a major challenge of the present century. In the past most interventions to enhance agriculture have aimed at improving crop yields through the supply of seed improved cultivation and inputs and little consideration has been given to sustainable resource use management. A small study was conducted in the Mewat district of Haryana, India with an objective to examine is as to what extent the past agricultural development efforts and technological interventions has benefitted the region considering the associated impact which these interventions entailed on the state of natural resources. The study has clearly indicated that past agricultural development has significantly impacted natural resource base of the region specifically groundwater and the soils of the region. Thus it has been observed that declining availability and quality of ground water resource, widespread problem of soil degradation, lack of fodder and feed resource for the livestock, and fuel for household would appear the key entry points where the activities of different agencies must complement to yield sustainable gains in livelihood opportunities.

Foraminifer a single shelled protozoan whose high level taxonomical studies are based on shell mineralogy can be categorized into four groups as taxa with organic shell, agglutinated taxa, calcareous perforate taxa and calcareous imperforate and habituating in marine and mangrove environments. For the present study benthic foraminifer fauna has been collected in the Van veen grab sampler in the Sosistris Bay, North Bay, Aberdeen jetty, Chidyatapu, and Wandoor of Port Blair India. To study the Shell abnormalities such as stunted foraminifera shells, abnormal wall structures and shell deformation, mineralogical projection, micro borings, pitted surface, calcification anomalies, dissolution and shell deformation in foraminifera the light microscopic SEM and EDAX studies are carried out. The basic finding of the study reveals that shell abnormalities are common in foraminifers’ species.

Perishability, nature of different variety of tea urges proper and timely marketing for minimizing the loss in producer’s side and maximizing the benefit in consumer’s side. Over the century, auction has served as a better price discovery mechanisms as well as media for marketing of bulk tea shrouded with transparency. However, significant change has emerged in the auction system in recent years when compared with the earlier century. The period of India’s economic reform has brought changes in marketing of tea through GTAC but such changes has been less successful in revival of its performance in terms of price and quantity of tea sold their compared with earlier decade.

Tridax procumbens Linn. is an important medicinal plant known as ‘akdandi’ used as an It is used as an antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory. The species is also well known in ayurvedic medicine for wound healing (R.Nia et al.).. The species is also well known in ayurvedic medicine for liver disorder. The present paper reveals the botanical standardization on the stem of T. procumbens. The pharmacognostic studies includes the phytochemistry, histochemistry, microscopic, macroscopic evaluation, percentage extractives, ash and acid insoluble ash, fluorescence analysis and estimation of polyphenol. The phytochemical and histochemical test includes starch, proteins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, sugar and flavonoid.

Fruit extract of Piper longum (Pipericeae) are used in India for reducing oxidative stress and also for its anti-bacterial activity. The objective of this study is to investigate the phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical screening of Piper longum fruit powder in different organic solvent revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by using In-vitro antioxidant assay models like phospho-molybdenum and reducing power assay. Anti-bacterial activity was evaluated using streptomycin as a standard against E.coli ATCC (LB M1655) to find MIC value of crude extract. The ethanolic extract showed maximum anti-bacterial activity. The percentage of antioxidant activity by phospho-molybdenum assay was in the order acetone>ethanol> water> petroleum ether. The results obtained in this study showed that the fruits of Piper longum have antioxidative and anti-bacterial properties which provide a basis for the traditional use of the plant. The maximum values of both antioxidative and anti-bacterial activity and was found to be 300 µg/mL (acetone extract) and 200 µg/mL (ethanol extract) respectively.

This study involves comparison and validation of Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) radiance of OCEANSAT-2,OCM sensor derived from 6S radiative transfer model with insitu TOA. The 6S is to derive total radiance (Lt), by applying suitable atmospheric corrections, to remove the errors occurs due to gaseous absorption and molecular & aerosols scattering effects suggested by (T.Suresh, 2006). The in-situ measurements were taken coastal water off Goa, (15° 25 N and 73° 43 E). The in-situ instrument called hyperspectral Radiometer is used to measure the geophysical parameters which proves an significant improvement for comparison with derived OCM2 ocean color data products, (e.g., pigments, suspended sediments, CDOM, chlorophyll etc). The TOA radiances for all bands determined using 6S are found to be well correlated with the TOA radiances extracted from the L1B_GAC data of OCM2 are described in the following graphs. The total radiance (Lt) derived from OCM-2 is found to be under estimated and overestimated for particular spectral bands. Such small differences are in the first two wavelength bands, especially 412 nm and 443nm, occur quite often and are reasonable, are shown in the perspective graphs. Statistics analysis of Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) provides numerical analysis, perform a graphical criteria such as an indication on the non-linear behavior of the fit. The RMSE value obtained from the sampling points are 17.96, 11.10, and 9.20 respectively. Similarly a R2 value obtained from the sampling points are 0.883, 0.875, and 0.849 respectively. Thus TOA is made for comparison and validate for chlorophyll estimation. Due to the small number of data points the significance of the comparison with the in-situ data is limited. Nevertheless, the validation of OCM2 data is clearly positive. Thus the data analyses in this study provide an important baseline for optical information of the coastal waters off the Goa.

This work aims to disclosing the capability of the well known insecticide Match N-[2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3,-hexafluoro-propoxy)-(phenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide (CA)that is widely used for controlling certain fruit and leaf caterpillars in inducing. The results also showed that Match has a capability to interfere with spindle fibers of mice spermatid cells, since a significant number of polyploid cells were obtained. Analysis of electrophoretic pattern of proteins indicated that Match was positive in causing changes in proteins specifically in high molecular protein patterns compared with the negative control group.