January 2015

Community health practice refers to provision of health care services, aimed at early diagnosis of disease, recognition of environmental and occupational hazards to good health and prevention of disease in the community. The Community is seen as the hub of Community Health Practice. It is the essential laboratory for practice of teaching, training and research in the subject of community medicine/health. The idea of the community as the centre of health services delivery was advocated as far back in 1960s. From the concept of Basic Health Services, Primary Health care emerged. In this regard, the principle of health services in relation to availability, accessibility, acceptability and appropriateness became important considerations in WHO health policy from the late 1960s and into the 1970s. The goal of Primary Health Care (PHC) was to provide accessible health for all by the year 2000 and beyond. Unfortunately, this is yet to be achieved in Nigeria and seems to be unrealistic in the next decade if the basic essence of the Universal Health Coverage – making health care accessible, available and affordable to rural poor is ignored to whatever extent. This work seeks to examine some cross cutting issues in community health practice in Nigeria and to outline triggers for community oriented health manpower in Nigerian health system and some prospects in the midst of obvious challenges. Essentially, community health practice using the policy and principles of Primary Health Care in Nigeria, especially in rural communities have come a long way and still require more to be done to achieve the goal for health for all now and beyond

Caprineherpesvirus 1 (CapHV1) is related to Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) and may cause respiratory and reproductive symptoms. CapHV1 disease pathogenesis is poorly understood and there are few studies on Bulgarian CapHV1 isolates. The aim of this study was to investigate the central region of the glycoprotein C (gC) gene of CapHV1 in fiveBulgarian isolates and compare it with other European and American CapHV1 and a BoHV1 strains. PCR amplifications yielded 414 bp products for the CapHV1 strains and BoHV1. HpaIIandMspI gave different restriction patterns for the gC gene from Bulgarian and American “McK” isolates in comparison to the Western European isolates, but did not cleave the BoHV1gCgene.The sequence analysis identified differences at positions 887, 960, 1000 and 1110 in the CapHV1 gC gene of the Bulgarian isolates. Short sequence repeats were also observed in the studied region. Evolutionary relationships of CapHV1 isolates were identified. The obtained results indicate that the analyzed region of the gC genе could reveal some epizootiological aspects and is suitable for comparing different CapHV1 isolates. PCR and restrictase analysis of the gC gene could be used to distinguish between BoHV1 and CapHV1 infections in goats.

HIV/AIDS continues to pose challenges to the health system of developing countries. Substance use has been identified as an important behavioral co-factor for HIV infection. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge and effectiveness of HIV educational programme in Patients with Substance Use Disorders (PSUD). The study was carried out among 30 in-patients with substance use disorder at the Center for Addiction Medicine and male open psychiatric wards in a south Indian psychiatric hospital. A non equivalent control group pretest post test design was adopted. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit the study subjects. Results: The analysis showed that mean pre-intervention knowledge of the experimental and control groups were 20.53 ± 5.67 and 20.53 ± 4.53 respectively indicating that both groups were homogenous. The experimental group showed higher immediate post test and follow up test mean knowledge scores on the Knowledge Questionnaire on HIV prevention (KQ-HIVP) (p=0.001) as compared to the scores of the control group following the education program on HIV prevention. Conclusion: Educating and demonstrating protective measures such as precise use of condom and safe use of injections are the prime areas to be addressed in a HIV education program. This educational program should be integrated with other psychosocial therapies to cater to holistic needs of patients receiving treatment at centers’ for addiction medicine.

The study aimed to identify risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among Afghan immigrant patients at a tertiary care hospital in Iran. This was a retrospective analysis of all confirmed Afghan immigrant TB patients from December 2000 – June 2005. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide was performed on Lowenstein–Jensen media according to proportion method. The risk factors associated with MDR-TB were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were isolated from 668 Afghan immigrant patients. There were 397 males and 271 females and the mean age was 35.2 ± 16.3 (SD). Based on DST, Afghan immigrant patients were divided into two groups: 493 patients were non-MDR and 175 patients were MDR-TB. The variables significantly associated with MDR were under 45 years of age, male sex, previous TB treatment, poor socio-economic conditions, and smoking. Site of TB disease whether pulmonary or extra-pulmonary, and drug abuse habit were not associated with MDR TB. In conclusion, based on our results an improved TB control programme, which must be coupled with early detection of MDR-TB among Afghan immigrant patients particularly in those with high risk factors, is highly recommended.

Background: Africa societies place so much emphasizes on fertility so much that couples with infertility after sometime faces considerable emotional, physical and psychological problems. Aim: To explore knowledge of effect of age, obesity, smoking, timing of intercourse, previous STIs and environmental pollutants on fertility among University students. Methods: This was a cross- sectional descriptive study of 420 consented students of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso. They were interviewed through self–administered pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were entered, analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 20 statistical package. Results: The mean ± SD age of the respondents was 22 ± 3.16years (range 15–40years). Most (90%) of the respondents were single at the time of interview. A (third 33.3%) participants overestimated by 10years, the age at which fertility starts to decline in women. Only one in four participants correctly identified that female fertility start to decline before 35years. Every one in five participants believed that fertility never declined in men. Only 10% of participants correctly identified the most fertile period in women’s menstrual cycle. Majority of male (60.8%) and female (70.1%) respondents believed that smoking has “a lot,” of effects on male and female fertility respectively. Smoking was believed to have no effect on fertility by females compared with the males (31% vs. 15% P< 0.001).Higher proportion of males than females agreed that alcohol has no effect on fertility (10.3% vs. 3.8% P< 0.001). Obesity was believed to affect fertility by 61.5% and 56.5% of males and females respectively. STIs was said to have “no effect at all” on fertility by 18.5% of participants. With use of modern contraception, 64.5% the participants believed that it has “a lot,” of effect on female fertility, while more male than female said it has “no effect” on female fertility (13.5% vs. 3.3% P< 0.001). Conclusions: Significant gaps exist in the knowledge of the students and modifiable factors that influence fertility. Students with prior information on reproductive health matters demonstrated better knowledge of impact of the modifiable factors on fertility potential of both men and women.

In antenatal mothers pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the important cause of maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is an unpredictable multiorgan disorder unique to human pregnancy. The pathophysiological effects which may range from simple hypertension to multiorgan failure, that occurs in pregnancy for the first time after 20 weeks of gestation. Reviews of some of the important pathophysiological changes that occur in pregnancy induced hypertension were discussed in this article.

Purpose: To evaluate knowledge regarding HPV and acceptability of HPV DNA self sampling among female adult in rural population in East Malaysia. Methods: Ninety eight women aged 18 to 65 years old who attended medical camp in Kaingaran village, Sabah were recruited in this cross sectional study. Demographic data were recorded through face to face interview for age, race, educational status, marital status, religion, occupation, total monthly income, parity, social background, Pap smear status, knowledge regarding HPV and cervical cancer. All women were shown a Delphi Screener specimen collection kit (Delphi Bioscience, Scherpenzeel, The Netherlands) for HPV self-sampling and given clear pictorial and verbal instructions about how it would be used by the main researcher. The respond to perform the test documented and factors that may contribute to the willingness were obtained. Findings: Majority of the participant had deficient knowledge towards HPV and cervical cancer with median score of 1(0-4). However, a total of 73 (74.5%) of the women agreed to perform HPV DNA self sampling due to the needs to perform the test rather than the thought they were at risk for HPV infection. There was a positive association regarding the level of education with the willingness to perform the test. Beside that, 92% women who were not willing to perform gave a reason of worried regarding improper technique. There was no association factors identified for the willingness of HPV DNA self sampling. Implication for practice: The knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer were deficient in rural population in East Malaysia thus call for the need of more educational program to be widely distributed. The acceptability of HPV DNA self sampling was good in the rural area hence it would be an alternative in improving cervical cancer screening program in these rural area.

Background: The increasing overuse and sometimes, failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic infectious microbes, have led to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial effect of cold and hot extract of Triphalachurna is one such medicinal extract. Materials and Methods: The clinical samples received at the Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal were tested using the extract by agar dilution method against common wound pathogens such as MSSA, MRSA, E. coli (probable ESBL producer), K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter. Results: Triphalachurna was found most potent against all the organisms. The study showed susceptibility of wound pathogens to the aqueous extract of Triphalachurna. The cold extraction was proportionally effective against each Gram negative organism in comparison to hot extraction. Acinetobacter species were the most susceptible to the antibacterial effect, followed by P. aeruginosa which showed intermediate susceptibility. E. coli and K. pneumoniae showed least susceptibility. MRSA was more susceptible than MSSA against the cold extraction; hot extraction was equally effective against both MRSA and MSSA. Conclusion: The herbal preparation helps in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and hence preventing wound infection.

Insulin pen device helps diabetic children to manage their diabetes. It offers an easier method for insulin administration that is more accurate, less painful, and more discreet compared with vials and syringes. It improves adherence, enhance quality of life, glycemic control, and decrease costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using insulin pen device on glycemic control and quality of life in children with type I diabetes mellitus. A sample of 60 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus included in this study. The study was conducted at Diabetic Outpatient Clinic and Inpatient Diabetic Unit of Pediatric Department at Tanta University Hospital. The tools of data collection were; a structured questionnaire sheet to collect socio demographic data of diabetic children, assessment of glycemic control, diabetes fear of self-injection questionnaire sheet, diabetes treatment satisfaction about insulin delivery devices, patient preferences about insulin delivery devices, and pediatric quality of life inventory scale. The results revealed that there was statistical significant difference between pen and syringe group regarding their glycemic control variables and their quality of life. The diabetic children reported significant preference, and satisfaction with the using of insulin pen, and expressed less fear of self injection compared with the using of syringe. The study concluded that the use of insulin pen device was associated with significant improvement in glycemic control variables and quality of life in children with type I diabetes mellitus. The study recommended improving awareness among Egyptian health care professionals and diabetic children about the characteristics of insulin pen devices.

Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern not only to hospitals, nursing home authorities but also to the environment. The Biomedical wastes (BMW)generated from health care units depend upon a number of factors such as waste management methods, type of health care units, occupancy of healthcare units, specialization of healthcare units, ratio of reusable items in use, availability of infrastructure and resources etc. The proper management of biomedical waste has become a worldwide humanitarian topic today. Although hazards of poor management of BMW have aroused the concern world over, especially in the light of its far-reaching effects on human, health and the environment. Now it is a well established fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the environment including human beings which are caused by the “Hospital waste” generated during the patient care. Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. The problems of the waste disposal in the hospitals and other health-care institutions have become issues of increasing concern. The main challenges faced in a tertiary care hospitals are lack of manpower, training of staff who are on contract, training of junior doctors, attitude changes and constant monitoring, frequent staff turnover, and shortage of staff and proper funding.

Discharge of industrial waste water often poses serious threat to our environment. In the present study, heavy metals content in industrial waste water from common industrial effluent treatment plant in Unnao district (U.P.), India were quantified. The nickel (1.2 mg l-1) and chromium (1.8 mg l-1) content was high in industrial waste water and concentration was found in order Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu. Eichhornia crassipes Mart. plants were exposed to various concentrations of above evaluated industrial waste water (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) for 10 days and observed for their visible effects, tissue accumulation level and biochemical constituents (pigments, total protein, sugar and relative water contents and amylase activity) including antioxidants (catalase activity, peroxidase activity and Proline content) in E. crassipes leaves and roots. The accumulation of heavy metals was observed more in root than the leaves (Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu). Also inhibited biochemical constituents (pigments, protein and sugar contents and amylase activity) including antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase activity and proline content) in E. crassipes. Study concluded that, E. crassipes indicated accumulation of high content of Cr (Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu), exhibited visible symptoms of toxicity and altered biochemical constituents with exposure of industrial waste water. These findings may be helpful in phytoremedial approaches to minimize heavy metals content in surface water.

Common Sweet Flag or Acorus calamus is a medicinal plant from the Acoraceae family. Tamil name is Vashambu. It is a tall perennial wetland monocot with scented leaves and rhizomes which have been used in medicinal field. In vitro studies indicate that even those plants / plant parts / extracts that have been already evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy have to be re-evaluated adopting these more precise and advanced assay methods. Present study was Isolation and maintaining the standard ATCC strains and clinical fungal samples. Preparation of lyophilized seitz aqueous and ethanolic extract from Acorus calamus rhizome. Find the antifungal activity of rhizome extraction of Acorus calamus using micro dilution method (M 38-P) with the RPMI-1640 medium. Find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of rhizome of Acorus calamus for standard strains and clinical isolations of Candida albicans, Microsporum gypsum, Trichophyton rubrum and T. Mentagrophytes. Compare the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration of rhizome of Acorus calamus with few standard antifungal drugs such as Amphotericin B, Itraconazole and Fluconazole. The results of the present study was lyophilized ethanolic extract of Acorcus calamus rhizome also exhibited fungicidal on both standard and clinical strains showing MIC value of 12.5 µg/ml for ATCC and 1.56 µg/ml for clinical. The efficacy of the lyophilized extract can be considered highly remarkable as the MIC value of standard medicines Amphotericin B, Itraconazole and Fluconazole on Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentegrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum of Clinical strains and as well as ATCC strains.

The current investigation deals with the detection of class of compounds present, free radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity, of the stem and leaves of Waltheria indica. For this studies Petroleum ether, Chloroform and Methanol were used for extraction. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by using the DPPH, (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical),FRAP(Ferric reducing ability of plasma)and LPO(Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity) methods and Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay on cancer and normal cell lines. Among the three plant extracts, Methanol extract showed stronger IC50 values in DPPH method (IC50 of <62.5), Petroleum ether showed stronger IC50 values in LPO method (IC50 is 233± 3.9). Among the extracts methanol showed the stronger reducing power with higher absorbance in FRAP method (absorbance ranging 0.524 – 0.272).For all the methods concentrations are maintained from 62.5 to 1000µg/ml, and all the extracts showed the dose dependent activity. The extracts also showed cytotoxity towards normal (Vero) and cancer cell lines (HaCaT, A549, HeLa, HT-29) when evaluated by MTT assay. A panel of 62.5 to 1000 µg/ml concentrations are maintained and concentration of extract needed to inhibit cell growth by 50% (CTC50) values is generated from the dose-response curves. Of the three extracts chloroform extract showed highest % of inhibition at concentration of 1000µg/ml (% of inhibition is 83.86) and is CTC50 103.33±5.77) followed by petroleum ether extract. (CTC50 is 133.33±5.8).

Rotifers are one of the fascinating groups of zooplankton in the aquatic ecosystem. They are one of the connecting link organisms between primary producers and consumers of higher order in aquatic food web. Rotifers are important group of zooplankton and acts as good indicators of the changes in water quality as they are strongly affected by environmental conditions and respond quickly to changes in water quality. The present study reports on a collection of 18 species of rotifer from Yenapat a freshwater lake in Bishnupur district of Manipur. Quantitative assessment of rotifers was undertaken during October 2012 to September 2013. The collected rotifers belongs to five family viz. Brachionidae (9 genera), Euclanidae (one genera), Lecanidae (4 genera), Mytilinidae (2 genera) and Filinidae (2 genera).

Objectives: To determine the immunomodulatory effects of xanthan, glycated albumin and mixture of both on the induction of monocytes cytokine synthesis and the cell viability. Methods: Monocytes were cultured with xanthan, glycated albumin and mixture of xanthan/glycated albumin as treatments at different concentrations for 3 h. The quantitative determination of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 was performed in cultured monocytes by ELISA. Results and Discussion: Results obtained demonstrated that the mixture of xanthan/glycated albumin induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, in the noticeable degree TNF-α compared to treatment and with only xanthan and/or glycated albumin. IL-6, however which has both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties seems to show more of the former than the latter in this study. The result also shown that xanthan, glycated albumin and the mixture of xanthan/glycated albumin significantly increased IL-10 production compared to other cytokines produced by the effects of the same polysaccharides and at the same concentrations. This indicated that IL-10 that is well-known in suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6 as shown by several studies. Conclusion: It is safe to conclude that xanthan and glycated albumin does not possess cytotoxicity on monocytes. The data in this study also showed that monocytes cultured with both xanthan and glycated albumin are capable to convert soluble MTS into insoluble formazan even at higher concentration (10 µg/ml), compared to PMA which serve as our control. Therefore the result strongly indicated that both xanthan and glycated albumin protects cells surviving in vitro and had ability to keep the cell viability.

In this study attempts have been made to find out the correlation and variation of the major disease problems encountered in carp culture sectors with the physicochemical characteristics of the important cultural areas of West Bengal. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total alkalinity, transparency and hardness were analyzed during the investigation. The recorded sampling values of these variables were correlated with diseases noticed. Most of the parameters were found to be significant at 5 % level and few are significant at 1 % level whereas only the temperature was found to be significantly varied at 0.01% level indicatinges the importance of these is parameter in disease development. The above variables were found to have a definite impact individually or as a whole on the prevalence of diseases at different locations. However, among these water quality parameters transparency, DO, total alkalinity and hardness were found to be significantly varied with locations at 0.01% level due to the change in the culture regime and management practices undertaken.

The study of the extracellular enzymes activity, as protease, amylase and cellulase of bacteria isolated from the Kharaa River has been made. Proteases were also synthesized very intensively by bacterial strains isolated from the Kharaa River. Maximum amylase activity has been shown by the isolate from the sites with developed agriculture and livestock. The percentage of organisms having cellulytic activity is less in comparison with other enzymes; there are only few reports from bacterial strains. In the spring time, bacterial isolates have shown maximum cellulytic activity. Our study clearly revealed the potential of bacterial strains and their ability of extracellular enzyme production. Almost 92% of the strains have shown extracellular enzymatic activity for anyone of the enzyme screened.

With the improvement of people’s living standards and increasing awareness, focus is shifting towards staple food with added benefits that could be a part of healthy balanced diet. Many landraces or local varieties of rice harbour beneficial traits such as higher nutritional value and medicinal properties when compared to hybrid varieties. Efforts are required to increase public awareness about these varieties. Therefore, the present study aimed at studying physico-chemical attributes and correlation among grain quality traits of four traditionally cultivated and consumed varieties of rice from the state of Jharkhand, India, known for their nutraceutical properties. Most varieties are of medium size and shape. Recovery of Brown rice in selected varieties ranged from 75% to 79%. Variety Dani Goda was found to have the highest head rice recovery of 64.3%. Volume expansion ratio was observed to fall within the range of 2.11 to 2.70. Amylose content was found to range from 13 to 33% with the variety Karhani showing the maximum value. Various physiochemical and cooking properties exhibited convoluted relationship. Significant positive correlation was observed between grain weight and kernel length (r = 0.87, p< 0.05), kernel length and volume expansion (r = 0.74, p<0.05) and a significant negative correlation between volume expansion and amylose content (r = -0.65, p<0.05).

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L), in addition to its ancient historical uses, has been used in several systems of medicine for a variety of ailments. Pomegranate juice is a polyphenol-rich juice with high antioxidant capacity. It is evident from the previous studies that pomegranate juice has been shown to exert significant antiatherogenic, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to validate the skin care properties of P. granatum. The extract exhibited high anti-elastase and collagenase activities at various concentrations indicating the significant anti-wrinkle effect (52.28 and 53.98 % respectively at 100 µg/ml concentration). Further, pomegranate extract was highly effective in protecting the DNA from hydroxyl radical mediated scission. The in silico calculations predicted that lowest energy docked poses of phenolic compounds can interact with catalysis-dependent residues, thus making them possible catalytic inhibitors and of course physiologically active. This study concludes that pomegranate can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of skincare anti-ageing agents and demand the need for extensive research in cosmeceutical applications.

Objectives: to examine the role of PCOS in alteration of FSH, LH, Total testosterone, LH/FSH ratio as well as correlating the outcome to obesity. Methods: One Hundred female patients with PCOS based on Rotterdam 2003 criteria. Together with fifty healthy volunteer females included as controls. Serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and total testosterone were tested in the two group. On top of that, we calculated LH/FSH ratio in all attendants. Body Mass Index (BMI) evaluated to be a part of the correlation. The resulted data were organized in tables and subjected for statistical analysis. Results: A significant increase was found in LH and total testosterone as well as significant decrease in SHBG in PCOS females compared to controls. Serum FSH was insignificantly increased in PCOS women. LH/FSH ratio was significantly high in non-obese patients when compared with obese patients and control. Conclusions: Hyperandrogenism is intrinsic to PCOS. At the same time, LH/FSH ratio was increased in non-obese PCOS patients.

PGPB – Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria are the group of beneficial bacteria promote crop growth and yield by exerting many beneficial aspects like N fixation, P solubilization, growth promoting substances production and siderophore production. In the present research about 13 isolates were isolated and identified as Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and phosphobacteria (Bacillus megaterium) and these isolates were studied for its PGPB nature to provide N & P nutrients and biocontrol nature through siderophore production. The findings of the present investigation clearly showed the interesting future of tested organisms. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus showed maximum efficiency on N fixation and P solubilization, Azospirillum showed efficiency and recorded maximum value for IAA synthesis and phosphobacteria (Bacillus megaterium) recorded significant value in siderophore production. Based on the present findings while inoculating these organisms to the crop plants, it is better to inoculate all three PGPB in the form of consortium for better results and further efficiency of these organisms must be exploited on crop plants in environmental conditions.

There are varieties of agents that can impair the normal resistance mechanism of birds. The presence of such agents in modern poultry operation is of great importance as they can directly affect performance of birds and incidence of diseases. One of the most common immunosuppressive agents in poultry is mycotoxin produced by fungi. Various species of poultry differ in susceptibility to acute and sub-acute aflatoxicosis. This work was carried out to study the role of locally available herbal plant extracts such as Azadirachta indica, Cynodon dactylon and Curcuma longa in counteracting the effects of experimental aflatoxicosis in laying Japanese quail by feeding them with diets containing aflatoxin at 1.5 and 3 ppm levels for a period of six weeks.

Ionosphere is a part of atmosphere that caused by the solar UV radiation, in turn produced different layers including D, E, etc. Then the matters ionized into electrons and ions etc…Ionosphere affects severely to propagation of radio wave between the points on the earth. By means of ion sounds one could considered the ionosphere layers, their opacity and clearance on the radio waves propagation. These are possible by studies the critical frequency of the layer or the blanketing frequency of it. In our research we used the data obtained from one of the top side sounder station, then by using MHD equilibrium VLASOVE equation we obtained the E layer plasma electron density.

The objective of this study is to check the possibility of producing potable water from seawater using low cost technique depends on concentrated solar rays by mirrors specially in autumn and winter seasons. The study erected a pilot plant in Faculty of Eng. pilots open site, ASU. The system used 3 concave mirrors and directed to let mirrors receives sunrays and concentrated it on the pilot for the whole sunny period. The measurements for quantities, temperature and TDS for the inlet and outlet waters were made with the measuring of air temperature and sunshine period among the day. The tests covered three months between autumn and winter to be in the worst climate for the system operation that depends mainly on sun and temperature. The results were good for product quantity and quality. The study shows that the fresh water quantity is proportional with air temperature and its TDS is between 20-40 ppm even how much the salinity of the influent seawater that ensure the system high efficiency to remove salts.

In this paper the important role of Kähler manifolds in the process of building supergravity theories is considered. After a brief introduction connected to particle physics and field theory, details about almost complex and complex structures, so as about the differential geometry of Kähler manifolds, will be done. Focusing then on D=4, N=1 supergravity, technical tools related to the coupling of pure D=4, N=1 supergravity to scalar and vector multiplets are also given.

The study sought to investigate access to and use of libraries among students with special needs at two tertiary institutions in Ghana. They are the University of Education, Winneba and Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi. A total of 40 participants comprising 20 students with special needs and 20 library staff were selected for the study. Questionnaire was used as the main research instrument for gathering data. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to sample the students with special needs and the library staff for the study. The study revealed that though both institutions’ libraries have students with special needs who sometimes use the library, there are no specialised facilities in terms of equipment and reading materials for them. Also, the libraries do not have a policy which takes care of the needs of these groups of students. Finally, the staff who assist these students with special needs are not specially trained to assist them. Based on the problems identified above, it was recommended among others that the library must have separate rooms stocked with modern equipment and other materials for use by students with special needs. Also staff who assist these students with special needs must be given some training to be able to offer better services to them. Finally, there should be a policy governing access and use of the library of which students and staff would be educated on.

An effort to fully understand the interface of work-family conflict and social support can be observed in psychological research for more than three decades. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship and effect of four types of social support provided by work-based sources and the perceived work-family conflict (WFC): work interference into the family (WIF) and family interference into work (FIW).The data were collected online during the period of two-months (October 2013 – November 2013)by means of a questionnaire filled by 100 participants: female (n=64) and male (n=36), working full-time, married/cohabitating, with one or more children. The survey included The Work–Family Conflict Scale and 12 items instrument designed to measure four types of social support. The results suggested that emotional social support obtained from a supervisor alleviates strain-based WIF/FIW for women. Instrumental coworkers’ support appeared to mitigate behavior-based FIW/WIF for men. Likewise, supervisory instrumental support proved to be a significant factor protecting against strain-based WIF for men. On the contrary, supervisory support increased strain-based FIW for men. The uniqueness of this study lies in its examination of all four distinct types of social support from work-based sources in WFC context. Thanks to its scope, the study broadens the understanding of social support and WFC interface.

Most of the organizations use financial data to allocate resources to their various departments. Hence to assess the financial health of an organization, analyzing the financial data and financial performance indicators become crucial. This paper deals with the impact of financial performance indicators on profitability of a textile industry. Indian textile industry is the second largest employment generating sector, next to agricultural sector. Financial analysts often assess firm’s production and productivity performance, profitability performance, liquidity performance, working capital performance, fixed assets performance, fund flow performance and social performance. The financial performance analysis identifies the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationships between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss account. Thus the present paper is of crucial importance to measure the firm’s liquidity, profitability and other indicators that ensures the business is conducted in a rational and normal way and enough returns to the shareholders to maintain at least its market value. In this context researcher has undertaken an analysis of financial performance of garments companies to understand how management of finance plays a crucial role in the growth. The present study covers two garments sectors. The study has been undertaken for the period of 3 months from Jan2014 to March2014. In order to analyze financial performance in terms of liquidity, solvency, profitability and financial efficiency, various accounting ratios have been used. Statistical measures linear multiple regression analysis and test of hypothesis-t test have been used.

Climate change is the main challenge for farm households in the world and it becomes a special treat for underdeveloped country’s farmers whose income depends on whether condition. And Ethiopia is one of the few countries in the world that has been ravaged by extreme drought. While its economy depends on agriculture, Farmers face a variety of climatic risks that make their incomes unstable and unpredictable from year to year (Hazell et al., 2010). In order to minimize such agricultural problems index insurance program is being developed in Ethiopia. Hence the study aimed to assess farmer’s understanding to weather index insurance by using panel data of 2010/11 household survey in Tigray region. To achieve the objectives of the study descriptive technique was used. Result showed that 10.85% of the index insurance purchasers do not understand the index insurance well but most of the purchasers i.e. 83.72% of them reported that they have well understanding about insurance and purchase it based on their awareness. We have also found that 43.61% of the respondent reports that insurance could cover part of their loss while 20.30% of them reports that insurance covers full lost of crop as a result of rain fall problem. As it was explained in the previous section payout is possible only when rainfall was below the pre determined level in the area (the agreed threshold) but only 24.06% of the respondents know this fact. Based on the result, the study recommends that; repeated training program should be given to the society about index insurance and expanding awareness until they really understand it especially about the loss coverage and rain full problem. Then after, expanding weather index insurance program, in all the drought prone areas of this region. Households could increase purchasing the weather index insurance, through this production or economic capacity of households and living standard of the rural society in general could improve over time. Finally, this study is left open for further research as index insurance is at its early stage in the study area, so there should be continuous follow up and research on this area.

We investigated the model cash-cash flow sensitivity by proceeding the 165 Pakistani manufacturing firms data that published by the authentic government body state bank of Pakistan and these firms are listed in Karachi stock exchange. The observation period started from 2007 to 2010. This study disclose that Pakistani manufacturing firms try to escalate the cash holding level that beyond the firm cash flow level there should be two aspects of more holding first they hold for precautionary and second investment motives.

The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude of the problem of internal efficiency and effectiveness in the form of dropouts and repetition of secondary schools in welqait wereda. To attain this objective descriptive method was employed which include a sample of five secondary schools, five school leadership member principals, 40 teachers and 40 students were selected using purposive and convenience sampling techniques respectively. Before distributing the questionnaire, its validity and reliability was checked through pilot study. Data was collected using questionnaire from teachers and students and through semi structured interview from the school leadership. The collected quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS software program. Narrative interpretations were used to analyze the qualitative data that has been collected from the school leadership. Furthermore, the analyzed data was presented through frequency and percentages. As a result the findings showed that the students travel long distance from home to school. It has been also indicated that there is lack and absence of encouragement of pupils from teachers. Students believe that they fail to study hard and show lack of interest in education. Parents are unable to provide their children with the necessary support. It has been reported that parents demand for chores is high. The discussion reveals prevalence of early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and gender role disparity. Fear of abduction or rape on the way to and from school and family breakdown (disunity) are also indicated. Regarding the availability of educational facilities; laboratory and library are available. However, it has been indicated that there is lack of instructional materials, guidance and counseling service. Moreover; there are also overcrowded classes. Teachers agree that students’ participation in income generating activities is one of the reasons for repetition and dropout of students.

For several decades, in Benin, the phenomenon of guilty or desirable relationships between teachers and students of both sexes keeps increasing in school and university settings. Despite the myriad of strategies implemented by the Government of Benin and its partners, the disparity between boys and girls in secondary education is still significant, to the detriment of the latter. The objective of this research was to focus on the subject heeding the untapped human dimension. Therefore, a survey was conducted among teachers across the country using a questionnaire where the teachers were asked to explain the choice of their answer. The results of the survey showed that 61% of teachers thought that this kind of relationship was possible as against 39% who thought that this kind of relationship was not desirable according to the gender.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide significance in human being and many animals. This zoonotic disease causes infection in cats and other pet animals and these animals can influence human's health. This study have been performed for detection of sero- epidemiology of leptospirosis and evaluation of sero- prevalence of Leptospira serovars in both household and stray cats by Microscopic Agglutination Test (M.A.T). Serum samples of 71 cats in two household and stray groups (31 household cats and 40 stray cats) were collected. Specimens were examined through M.A.T, against antigens of serovars: canicola, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, hardjo, autumnalis, ballum. Only one of stray cats (2.5%) showed 1:100 (or more) serum- titer against Leptospira pomuna. The antibody titer was not observed against more than one serovar in any cats. Among the household cats, 6 of them showed suspicious titer (+2), which 5 cats had titer against grippotyphosa serovar and one cat against hardjo serovar. Among the stray cats 6 of them showed suspicious titer (+2), exactly same as household group. With attention to the lack of regular and annual vaccination of household and stray cats against these organisms, the results of this assessment are accurate. Fortunately, infection percentage at Tabriz is low in contrast of other part of Iran. It seems that lack of suitable conditions and climates for growing of these organisms is the most important preventive mechanism or Leptospirosis in cats is initially rare and appears to be mild although very little is known about the disease in this species.

Background: Blood transfusion is lifesaving but it is also an important mode of transmission of infections to recipients. With every unit of blood there is a 1% chance of transfusion associated problems including transfusion transmitted infections. Aim: The aim of the present study was to find out prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in voluntary and replacement donors in our hospital transfusion service set up. This study also aids in evaluating the safety of the collected donations. Material and Methods: This five years record based descriptive retrospective study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2013 at the blood bank, P.D.U. Government Hospital and Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Donors and cases of TTI were identified from computer records of blood bank of hospital and monthly report sent to GSACS (Gujarat State AIDS Control Society), Ahmadabad. The data were analysed in computer software, Microsoft excel 2010. Result: A total of 48162 donors were tested, out of which 10478 (21.76%) were replacement donors and 37684 (78.24%) were voluntary donors. The seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis was 0.21%, 0.95%, 0.24% and 0.19% respectively in total donors. Replacement donors had a high incidence of TTI was 274(2.62%) as compared to voluntary donors were 492(1.31%). Conclusion: The seroprevalence was more in replacement donors as compared to voluntary donors. It concludes that motivating voluntary blood donors are the most effective way of ensuring adequate supplies of safe blood on a continuing basis.

Background: Hemolytic disease of the newborn, secondary to Rhesus D (Rh D) iso-immunization, contributes significantly to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of different blood groups in the region with special reference to Rh factor which would not only help in blood transfusion services but also eliminate the risk of erythroblastosis fetalis in the neonates Materials and Methods: A 0ne and half year retrospective study of rhesus negative women was carried out at civil hospital, Belagavi between March2013 to September2014. Result: The prevalence rate of Rh D negative women in North Karnataka for antenatal care, 205 (4.58%) were Rh D negative women. Out of that 68 (33.17%) of the Rh D negative women were of blood group A followed by blood group B 67 (32.69%), blood group O 47(22.93%), and blood group AB 23 (11.21%), respectively. Conclusion: There is a need for adequate counseling of pregnant women on the importance of Rh D negative factor during the antenatal period in order to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized all aspects of health care and is a new paradigm of state-of-the-art patient care beyond traditional, and dentistry is no exception. Nanodental techniques for major tooth repair may evolve through several stages of technological development, first using genetic engineering, tissue engineering and regeneration, and later involving the growth of whole new teeth in-vitro and their installation. Since biomaterials interact with body through their surfaces after implantation, the properties of the outer surface of material are critical features in controlling biological response and also in regenerative medicine. Nanostructured surfaces provided more favorable architecture for normal cell attachment and osteoblast differentiation, proliferation and functional activity.

Certain degree of the world's population is probably deficient in one or more essential elements and at increased risk of nutritional disorders. Availability of dietary supplement of these elements may prevent some of these nutritional disorders. This study was designed to access serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium in albino rats fed with Moringa oleifera leaf extract. The research was carried out in the animal house of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo. Seventy healthy male and female rats (40 tests and 30 controls) were selected into the study. Test rats were fed with diet fortified with extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf for a period of five weeks while the control rats were fed with normal diet. Serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium were determined after six weeks of the experiment using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software package (version 17). The mean serum levels of zinc (99.41±31.59 Vs 66.05±33.24), copper (14.45±6.87 Vs 7.82±4.33) and selenium (17.30±7.33 Vs 9.73±5.25) were significantly higher in the test group when compared with control group, the mean differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was a significant strong positive correlation between zinc and copper(r = 0.786**), copper and selenium (r = 0.931**) and zinc and selenium (r = 0.671**) (p<0.01). In conclusion, this study establishes a strong relationship between Moringa oleifera leaf feeding and increase in the levels of serum zinc, copper and selenium.

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is a commonly occurring contagious reproductive tumor of dogs affecting both sexes. A two years old intact male mongrel dog was brought to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu with the history of inappetence, multiple subcutaneous swellings and blood tinted urine with dysuria for the past two weeks. Physical examination multiple hard mass approximately 2-5 cm in diameter was noticed all over the body and also swelling of the prepuce area with 12cmx6cm sized mass was noticed. Penis was not able to retract due to sever inflammatory swelling of the prepuce. FNAC and impression smear was collected in subcutaneous nodules and prepuce mass. Confirmative diagnosis was made based FNAC of nodules and an impression smear of ulcerated lesions revealed cells of transmissible venereal tumor. Chemotherapy was started with Vincristine @ 0.025mg/kg b.wt IV once a week for 4 weeks along with supportive treatment. After the end of the 4th week of Chemotherapy animal was showed uneventful recovery.

Introduction: The rapid progress of urbanization and demographic trends is associated with a cluster of unhealthy lifestyles leading to overweight/obesity in children and adults. Rising prevalence of obesity in India may be attributed to various factors like sedentary life-style, unhealthy food habits, cultural practices and increasing affluence of middle class population. Obesity is a key factor for many chronic and non-communicable diseases. Complications of adult obesity are made worse if the obesity begins in childhood. Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in high school children of Mandya city. 2. To describe the factors contributing to overweight/obesity among the study subjects. Methodology: This is a cross sectional, questionnaire based study conducted on high school children of Mandya city. English and local language Kannada version questionnaire were used to study the variables. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight were taken using standard equipments. The statistical significance was evaluated at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Results and Conclusion: The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 9.63% and the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 4.50% and 5.13% respectively. Final model of the multivariate logistic regression showed that the important correlates of overweight/obesity were age, sex, type of school, family history of overweight/obesity, television viewing, sleep duration, absence of consumption of snacks

The doctor patient relationship is a very delicate one which stands on mutual trust. Unfortunately in recent days the standard of medical practice is declining. Until 1986 the number of cases filed on doctors were less but after the emergence of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986 the consumer awareness has been increased with rising expectations and medical negligence has been included under the purview of this act. Especially in recent times the number of cases filed on doctors has increased and it is necessary to know the basics of medical negligence.

Eyes are the windows to soul and they are noticed first. Loss of an eye affects a patient psychologically and also socially. It makes an individual feel crippled. Hence its very challenging for a maxillofacial prosthodontist in fabricating an ocular prosthesis with acceptable aesthetics to restore facial symmetry and normal appearance for the patient. This article presents a case report of a patient with an acquired ocular defect due to trauma, treated with an ocular prosthesis using conventional technique which is much easier and with a good aesthetic results.

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the quarter-wise comparative prevalence, distribution of etiological agents and drug sensitivity pattern of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Milk samples collected from 48 dairy animals (30 Jersey crossbred cows and 18 Graded Murrah buffaloes) were confirmed as subclinical mastitis by using six different indirect screening tests: pH, Electrical Conductivity, Chloride Test, Somatic Cell Count, Modified White Side Test and Modified California Mastitis Test and causative organisms were isolated and subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The overall quarter prevalence of subclinical mastitis in crossbred cows and buffaloes were (49.16%) and (45.83%) respectively. Among quarters, prevalence was higher in right hind quarter, followed by left hind quarter, right fore quarter and left fore quarter in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Among the isolates, Staphylococcus spp. showed the highest (40.68%) frequency, followed by Streptococcus spp. (37.29%), E. coli (13.56%) and Bacillus spp. (8.47%) in crossbred cows. In case of buffaloes Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli and Bacillus spp. were isolated from 39.39, 30.31, 18.18 and 12.13% milk samples respectively. Ceftriaxone showed the highest values of sensitivity for subclinical mastitis milk sample cultures of crossbred cows and buffaloes (89.83 and 87.87% respectively). It is concluded that right side quarters were found to be more susceptible for SCM than left side quarters because of farmers hand milking nature in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Staphylococcus spp. was the major pathogen responsible for SCM. Ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin were found to be the most effective drug under in vitro condition against the isolated pathogens in SCM affected crossbred cows and buffaloes.

Keeping in view the importance of referral system and centrality of outpatient department in a health care unit the present study at SKIMS will be undertaken to assess profile of patients attending outpatient department, their rationale for referral and thereby forming a policy of referral for health care institutions. In order to study the referral pattern of patients and the rationale of referral, with profile of the referred patients as well as to study the specialty wise profile of patients attending Outpatient Department of SKIMS and to evolve a referral policy for health care institutions of Kashmir. The article is devised to develop a referral policy for Health Care institutions of Kashmir

Intestinal obstruction due to fecolith is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction. A 20 years old adult male presented with the features of intestinal obstruction of seven days duration. Clinical examination and radiological investigations suggests the features of small bowel obstruction. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and a lump with hard consistency was found in distal jejunum, and enterotomy was made to take out the lump. It was fecolith of size 4×3×2 cm (Fig 3).

The birth of a newborn baby with normal morphology gives a feeling of delight, hope and gratitude to the parents as well as to the health care providers. However the sight of a baby born with an unusual caudal appendage resembling a tail creates an unusual emotion of apprehension, fear and shame. The appearance of a true human tail at birth, defined as a caudal, vestigial, midline protrusion of muscle and adipose tissue with skin covering, is an unusual event with less than 60 cases reported in the literature so far. Here we report a case of an otherwise normal female newborn baby, born with a tail, in view of the rarity of the occurrence and to discuss the related issues.

Back ground: Triple negative breast cancer TNBC) patients are subset of breast cancer patients who test negative for estrogen receptor(ER), the progesterone receptor(PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2) and show different biological behavior. As racial disparity is seen in presentation and prognosis of breast cancer, we studied the clinicopathological features and patterns of recurrence in this group of patients in our local population Aims and Objectives: To know biological behavior of TNBC in local population by comparing clinical features, prognostic factors, and outcome of this group with non triple negative breast cancer patients (non-TNBC) Material and Methods: A cohort study of 352 patients of breast cancer tested for hormone receptor was included in the study. Depending on hormone status patients were grouped into TNBC and non-TNBC. Clinical variables, patterns of relapse and outcome of patients in two groups were evaluated with median follow up of eight ten years. Results: Among 352 patients included 76 were TNBC and 276 were non-TNBC cases. TNBC had significant correlation in terms of tumor size (p<0.001), decreased tumor mobility (p=0.001), fixation of lymph node (p=0.001), number of lymph node involved (p=0.046) and higher grade of tumor (p<0.001). TNBC was associated with poor relapse free survival (RFS) (p=0.010) overall survival (p<0.001). Conclusion: TNBC are aggressive tumors with poor relapse free and overall survival. Large population based prospective studies are needed to characterize these tumors.

Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies are not uncommon mostly in the children and elderly individuals. Sharp pointed objects can cause injury to any part of the digestive tracts that lead to bleed or perforation of viscus, sometimes it can pose a catastrophic phenomena like battery ingestion. We removed partially eaten whole mango accidentally ingested and lodged in the lower esophagus by an elderly man who ran a long way from Himachal Pradesh. We used a Foley’s Catheter at the end which is an indwelling catheter used for the drainage of urine.

A survey on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of 200 farmers on rodent pests and their management was conducted in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, using a structured questionnaire to study the population ecology of rodents, their extent of damage and the various management practices commonly adopted by farmers to control them. The information on this survey is useful to formulate and design the Integrated Rodent Management (IRM) strategies or modules for effective rodent control. Farmers considered rodents as the main biological production constraint in paddy cultivation and estimated that they cause on an average of 10-15% yield losses in every season. Most of the farmers believe that, poison baiting could effectively control rodents, but majority of them were unaware of the dosages of rodenticide ingredients and also unaware of usage of bait stations as the effective rodent control practices. The survey revealed that, most of the farmers are with moderate level of knowledge (68 %) and practices (76 %) and also majority of them were categorized as secondary adopters (81%) basing on the analysis of farmers knowledge, practices and attitude attributes relating to rodent management respectively. A lack of proper knowledge in adopting current recommended rodent management practices and lack of farmer’s community approach appeared to be the main constraint in rodent management. Hence, to make the farmers as innovators with high levels of knowledge and skills in practices relating to rodent control, there is an urgent need of organizing training programmes to farmers and pesticide dealers. Field demonstrations, farmer’s interactions and developing united action among the farmers is essential for planning effective rodent control in larger stretches of land.

Traditionally, honey is used in the application of wound to reduce the possibility of infection. The study conducted here was to analyze the antimicrobial activities of local honey against Staphylococcusaureus and Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Also attempt was made to find out whether there are correlations between the antimicrobial activity of honey and their physicochemical, proximate and trace elemental parameters. This activity is mainly due to its low pH, osmolality and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Honey samples were diluted at different concentrations: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and Net honey (100% of pure honey). The result indicated that most of honey samples exhibited zone of inhibition against both organisms. The honey samples showed decreasing activities upon dilution with water. The pH of the honey samples is from 3.5-4.3, showing that they are predominantly acidic in nature. The protein content of honey has been used for a long time as an index of quality. The result from the table below shows protein concentration of the honey samples ranges from 0.256 to 3.125%. The carbohydrate concentration of the honey samples ranges from 74.33 to 82.33%. Also, that of vitamins (A and C) shows highest concentration with 0.032%, 0.232% and lowest concentration with 0.011%, 0.021% respectively. The water content of these honey samples ranges from 16.2 to 24.6%. The density of honey is another reflection of intrinsic quality of the sweetener. Therefore from the results, the density of the honey samples ranges from 1380.2kgm-3 to 1439.0kgm-3. It shows that our samples are rich in minerals. Heavy carcinogenic metals, Lead and Cadmium were undetected in all the samples which make the samples safe for consumption.

Duckweeds are monocotyledonous aquatic plants having ability to rapid vegetative reproduction to form genetically uniform clones. In this study, duckweeds (Lemna minor) are used for the study of laboratory scale in the reduction of parameters such as BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, TSS, sulphate, phosphate and chloride under different detention time (10, 12, 15, 20 and 30 days). Reduction values of these parameters were increased with corresponding increase in detention time. Hence duckweed can be used as model system for the study of water pollutants and an alternative choice for the study of some toxic chemicals present in the pollutants.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that infects immune compromised hosts and is characterized by its natural resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this study was the assessment of the some antimicrobial sensitive level among P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, furthermore to compare between the different antibiotics among the susceptible and sensitivity by isolates of P. aeruginosa also to detect the most potent drug on P. aeruginosa. A total of 65 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from the patient in different laboratories in Taiz city, as following Aljomhory hospital laboratories (50) isolates, alpharaby laboratories (15) isolates. Most of the isolates were from ear followed by urine. Uropathogenic P. aeruginosa infections were higher in females than males, ratio was found more among young and elderly debilitated patients. The result is Ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin were found more effective as monotherapy for treatment of infections in patients. The most studied case indicate the P. aeuroginosa was resistant to most β-lactam particularly resist 100% to ticarcillin. In vitro sensitivity pattern of 65 isolates of P. aeruginosa showed highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (75%) followed by amikacin (65%), tobramycin (62%), and were much more resistant to β -lactam and norfloxacin antibiotics. the result of study by using combination therapy that we have use the following combinations which in all combinations are indicate to synergistic action (Ciprofloxacin+gentamycin), (Ciprofloxacin+Amikacin), (Ciprofloxacin+Ceftriaxone). Finally all the results indicate that P. aeruginosa is the most common gram-negative bacterium responsible for the nosocomial as well as community acquired infections. And the excessive use of antibiotics has not only led to treat the P. aeruginosainfections but also the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Every organism, may be an animal or a plant, has different gene within them. Genes are the locatable regions of genomic sequences, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions, and or other functional sequence regions (Pearson, 2006 and Pennisi, 2007). The sum total of the entire gene in an organism is known as Genome. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of viruses in RNA. The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule is called as genome sequencing. The first DNA sequencing method was Maxam-Gilbert sequencing method (Maxam and Gilbert, 1977) and later on many methods have been developed by many scientists for genome sequencing. Among them, Shotgun sequencing (Staden, 1979) is one of the important and widely used methods in the field of Nematology. Caenorhabditis elegans is the first multicellular organism whose genome is completely sequenced having 97Mb (now 100Mb) (The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium, 1998). With the help of genome sequencing, detection of particular nematode and study on genetic variations can be done with accurate result and, it also helps in generating a new PCR primer specific for a nematode. The functional gene identified in genome sequencing helps to know the mechanism of parasitism in the host which will play an important role in nematode disease management; ultimately it will give a boon in the science of agriculture.

The phytochemical screenings and acute oral toxicity of the aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Nauclea latifolia were carried out. The leaf extract of V. amygdalina had the highest yields of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins with 16.00%, 9% and 9% respectively. Tannins yield was found to be highest in N. latifolia where 6.70x10-5mol/dm3 was recorded in its stem extract. An evaluation of the acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of these plants showed no mortality of any of the rats at 1000 and 2000mg/kg after 72 hours. The LD50 of the two plants extracts were greater than 3,000mg/kg except the V. amygdalina stem bark which was 2449.49mg/kg. Treatment with V. amygdalina and N. latifolia produced no significant changes (P= 0.999 and P= 0.798) in Pack Cell Volume and White Blood Cell counts respectively. The t-test analysis showed that there was significant difference (P= 0.0005) in the weight in relation to the different extracts concentrations. The possession of the active secondary metabolites potentiates their medicinal values and at lower concentrations per body weight (<2000mg/kg) the plants extracts can be used for a prolonged period with little or no adverse effect.

Screening for HBsAg is done routinely in patients attending various departments of Hospital. Different methods of conducting HBsAg tests include solid phase assays, flow through, agglutination, and lateral flow. These rapid tests need a backup of standard EIA testing and /or DNA based methods like PCR as gold standard for evaluating their sensitivity and specificity. In our setup we perform rapid tests (J mitra’s Hepacard) based on Immunochromatographic method, Elisa and PCR for confirmation and further evaluation. When Screening for HBsAg was done in a 32 year orthopaedic patient showing pink coloured line in test reigion of Hepacard, without developing colour band in the control line. In the absence of control line we could not interpret the test result immediately. So Elisa was performed on this sample which gave reactive result for HBsAg antigen. This prompted us to do serial dilution of serum sample (1:10, 1:20) and on repeating the test, positive results with control line was observed in Hepacard. Hence we assume that inconclusive result observed earlier using Hepacard is due to Hook effect. Hook effect might have occurred due to large quantities of HBsAg antigen in serum, which impairs antigen-antibody binding, resulting in low antigen determination. Further when Quantitative PCR was done in this sample high concentration of HBV DNA was present. HenceHook effect has to be kept in mind when screening of HBsAg is done routinely.

Removal of chromium ions from aqueous solution using dried peel of bitter orange powder was performed through batch studies. Various process parameters like pH, contact time, biomass dose, and metal concentration were studied to investigate the optimum conditions for removal percent and the maximum removal capacity of Cr (VI). The chromium ions concentration was determined using UV-VIS spectroscopy. High removal percent was achieved at optimum parameters determined as follows: solid particle size= 75µm, contact time= 120 min, shaking rate= 250 rpm, pH= 1.2 and chromium concentration Co= 100 g/l. Around 94% of chromium ion was eliminated from aqueous solution with maximum removal capacity of 23.49mg/g at these conditions.

Biodiversity may be defined as species richness (plants, animals and micro-organisms) in a given habitat be it on land, in fresh water or sea or as parasites or symbionts. Biodiversity represents sum total of various types of microbes, plants and animals present in that system. It is the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystem and the ecological complexes of which they are a part and includes diversity within species, between species, and ecosystem. Wetlands are the transitional zones between the terrestrial and aquatic environment. These habitats perform major ecological role in biosphere. They are immense use of mankind both economically and ecologically. Present paper depicted that the diversity on helminth fauna of freshwater fishes from Nambol Locality of Bishnupur District of Manipur. The study was conducted between April to August 2013 and found four groups of parasites in 600 fishes. The fishes belong to five different orders and thirteen families. Among the fishes, 279 are found infected with helminth parasites belonging to four different groups i.e., class Acanthocephala, class Cestoda, class Trematoda and 13 belongs to class Nematoda.

The present study was designed to make a comparative study between the antioxidant activity and nutraceutical properties of Oxalis debilis and Oxalis corniculata. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and the IC50 value of methanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata and Oxalis debilis were found 25.82 ± 0.68 and 73.67 ± 0.91 µg/ml respectively. Among the nutraceutical properties carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, total phenolic content and ascorbic acid were investigated. The result shows that Oxalis debilis have higher nutraceutical value than Oxalis corniculata with the exception of crude fiber content which was found to be higher in case of O. corniculata. The results revealed that these two plants can be used as dietary supplement as well as therapeutic agent as they would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity.

There are several different methods of classifying Insect. One of these methods that were used in this research is Geometric Morphometric of wing to study the variation shape and size of the right front wing of Iraqi honeybee worker collected from the provinces of Baghdad and Diyala in Iraq. Geometric Morphometric is an essential tool for honey bee races discrimination and characterization. Such vital tool has been applied widely in honey bee researches. The results showed that the mean centriod size of the right front wing is 764.34 and 768.92 for specimens of Baghdad and Diyala provinces respectively and did not show any significant differences in the mean of the centroid size for the right front between the colonies of the two provinces. When reclassification percent using discriminate analysis the results showed that the all specimens of Baghdad and Diyala provinces are completely identical. Furthermore results showed that no significant differences between specimens of Baghdad and Diyala provinces in the size and shape of the right front wing by using Analysis of variance.

The present investigation is concentrated on Protein, carbohydrates and mineral content of Spathoglossum marginatum, Padina tetrasmatica, Turbinaria conoides, Ulva fasciata and Enteromorpha flexuosa for future applications in dietary supplements or food industries. Three seaweed samples (i) S. marginatum (ii) P. tetrasmatica (iii) T. conoides were collected from Mandapam coast in Rameshwaram and the two seaweeds (iv) U. fasciata (v) E. flexuosa were collected from Kovalam coast of Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Of the above seaweeds tested S. marginatum showed maximum content of protein and carbohydrate. T. conoides showed maximum content of calcium, potassium and sodium, while U. fasciata showed maximum content of magnesium and iron. P. tetrasmatica observed maximum potassium content than other seaweeds tested

Due to the advancement in technology, electronic waste is the fastest-growing scrap stream comprising personal computers, laptops, mobile phones, televisions, consumer durables like refrigerators and other electrical and electronic products. The UNEP report suggests that over 50 million tons of e-waste is generated every year worldwide. Pre-planned product obsolescence, globalization, reduction in production costs and shifting lifestyle have been responsible for an augmented consumption of electrical and electronic products and consequently there has been an exponential high rate of waste generation. It is not only the quantity of waste but also its nature that is awfully multifarious on account of a swarm of materials which are present in these products. Precious and rare metals as well as an assortment of heavy metals and complex chemical compounds pose grave challenges in managing such large volumes of this multifaceted scrap. Handling such waste and recovery of materials by recycling it without any adversative impacts on the environment can pose grave challenges.

In this paper we investigated the heliographic longitudinal as well as latitudinal distribution of major H-α solar flares (flares of high optical importance imp ≥ 1) for the solar cycle 23 periods 1996-2010. This period of investigation includes the ascending as well as descending period of solar cycle 23. The study reveals that for heliographic latitude majority of solar flares confined between latitude 10°-30° for both northern and southern hemisphere. Whereas for heliographic longitude we observed approximately symmetric occurrence of solar flares. The H-α solar flare occurrence dominates during increasing phase of the solar cycle achieve a peak value in middle part of solar cycle (year-2000) and show an abnormal decrease during descending phase of solar cycle. The occurrence of solar flare also compared with yearly mean sunspot number and noticed that solar flares follows the solar cycle with maximum number observed in the year 2000-2001 during the maxima of solar cycle 23.

In this review we introduced for the first time in literature a new drug FSLYM 192050, patent No. 698/2014). A new method for treatment of infertility (Glyoxalase – 1 loaded Bee venom nano particles targeted with a follicle stimulating hormone peptide as a new modality in the treatment of female and male infertility). A new (name, theories, treatment) for old problem (intravenous leiomyomatosis) again we introduced Bee venom Bee propolis, Zamzam Water, Eye Tears, and EPREX, in the treatment of many reproductive aberration and updated treatment of endometriosis (NANO GOLD, NANO SILVER, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Yeast betaglycan, and anti CD 147 Anew mechanism of action of Dineogest) all these innovations help to improve a fetomaternal health and well being and will cause a revolution in the field of treatment of infertility.

Antifreeze glycoproteins are essential for the surviving of many marine teleost fishes in polar and subpolar seawaters, where the temperature consistently are below the freezing point of physiological solutions. In this work, synthesis of structures related to antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are presented. Synthetic routes to a protected carbohydrate derivative, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl- β – galactopyranosyl - (1→3) – 2 – deoxy – 2 – azido - 4, 6 – di – O – benzyl – β – D -thio-1-galactopyranoside, and a tBu-Ala-Thr-Ala-Fmoc tripeptide, are described. These compounds are meant to be used in the assembly of AFGPs and analogues. A Gal-GlcN disaccharide was synthesized via glycosylation between the donor, bromo-2-O-benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-Dgalactopyranoside, and acceptor, ethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-N-phthalimido-β-D-1- thio-glucopyranoside, using silver triflate activation. Subsequent epimerization to a Gal-GalN disaccharide was achieved using Moffatt oxidation followed by L-selectride reduction. The tripeptide was synthesized in a short and convenient manner using solid phase peptide synthesis with immobilized Fmoc-Ala on Wang resins as starting point.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metallo enzyme component that in high doses can exert serious oxidative and neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, ACh content and Histochemical Studies in both low dose (2.5 mg/kg bw) and high dose (5 mg/kg bw) of Manganese (Mn) treated young and adult (2 months and 4 months) rat brain with reversal effect of alpha- tocopherol. In this study, it was observed that the AChE activity and ACh content in synaptosomal fraction of low dose and high dose of Mn-exposed rats showed decrease in AChE activity and increase in ACh content at both the ages (2 months and 4 months) when compared to control. However, the AChE activity was increased and ACh content was decreased in the animals supplemented with α-tocopherol along with Mn- exposure. In this study, we have also examined the histochemical studies in adult rat brain i.e, Cerebral Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum. Histochemical staining of AChE in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of control adult rats showed increase of AChE staining and the animals treated with Mn showed loss of AChE staining in three brain regions. However, the administration of Alpha-tocopherol along with Mn showed increase of AChE staining. Among the three brain regions studied, Hippocampus showed maximum activity followed by Cerebral Cortex, and then Cerebellum. The above findings suggest that short-term Mn in vivo administration causes a statistically significant decrease in AChE activity. The Mn toxicity was reversed with Alpha-tocopherol co-administration which could thus be considered for future applications as a neuroprotective agent against chronic exposure to Mn and the treatment of manganism.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the change in corneal protein and oxidative stress state after endosulfan-administered in rabbits and the effect of topical curcumin. The treatment scheme for the different groups was as follows: control group, endosulfan group, Endosulfan+40 μmol/L curcumin, endosulfan+ curcumin 80μmol/L and Endosulfan + curcumin 160 μmol/L. All animals groups decapitated after 6 weeks then eyes were inoculated and corneas were isolated for determination of protein content, SDS-PAGE, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD),Na+-K+-ATPase, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level activities were measured in the cornea. The results indicated that for endosulfan group a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total protein content accompanied by shift of the corneal protein peaks towards high molecular weight. Also a significant increase (p < 0.05) in catalase and MDA activities was observed. Topical application of curcumin was useful in reducing oxidative stress induced by endosulfan.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of sulphanilic acid and its biodegradation product using mice as a model. 0.5 mg of sulphanilic acid at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs time interval and its aerobic treated product at 48 hrs time interval were injected to different mice. The experiments were carried out in control group after treatment with DMSO. The air drying preparations were made by dissecting out the limbs of adult mice and processing it. A highly significant increase in mean aberration values were found among all treated groups when compared with the control. Chromosomal aberrations observed were stickiness, clumping, breaks, dicentric, rings and gaps. Chromosomal aberrations were found both in control as well as treated groups of mice but the number of aberrations was significantly high in all treated groups as compared to control mice. Among treated groups, the number of chromosomal aberrations was high in mice treated with 0.5 mg of sulphanilic acid at 72 hrs. It has been proposed that toxins released by aromatic amines might have caused chromosomal anomalies by coming in direct/indirect contact with the chromosomes after the disintegration of nuclear membrane during cell division. Such chromosomal anomalies may lead to the genetic instability of mice population. From these findings we conclude that sulphanilic acid is more genotoxic in nature as compared to its aerobic degradation product. These degraded samples also induced significantly higher genotoxicity as compared to control but found to be less genotoxic as compared to parent aromatic amine.

Background: Hypertension remains a global asymptomatic non-communicable disease and a preventable risk factor but often leads to health complications, if untreated. Many factors seem to be responsible for influencing hypertension; however, the role of dietary factors and nutrients still remains unclear and needs to be explored. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional status of systemic hypertensive adults and to find the correlation of nutrients with age of the hypertensive adults. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study with purposive random sampling was conducted wherein a government Medical college of Jabalpur city and some leading physicians were requested to send 200 newly diagnosed hypertensive cases in the age group of above 20-59 years for voluntary participation in the study. The subjects were enrolled in the study after taking their informed written consent. The subjects were interviewed through pilot tested questionnaire consisting of general information, clinical history, socio-demographic information, dietary patterns along with their anthropometric measurements. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was maximum in the age group of 39-49 years affecting both males and females of similar age group. Out of 200 hypertensive cases, 78 (39%) subjects were had family history of hypertension. The nutritional status of the study subjects was assessed wherein 52% hypertensive subjects were found to be over-weight and obese. Meal intake by study subjects was majorly thrice a day (52%). Signs of nutritional deficiencies were found in 44.5% of study subjects. Further Univariate analysis predicted positive association of consumption of different nutrients statistically significant for calories, fibre, and potassium and zinc intake in different age groups. Conclusion: An integrated approach of community based intervention with support from healthcare providers on prevention of hypertension is suggested for early detection and management of hypertension.

In recent times, phytochemicals have drawn attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases. A number of bioactive compounds in pulses such as polyphenols, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, tannin and lectin are proven to have anti-oxidant capacity. This study has assessed the antioxidants activity exhibited by these secondary metabolites in different pulses (chickpea, mung, arhar and masur) as compared with amla using DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Moths were collected from different part of Seraj valley of Himachal Pradesh during June 2010 to September 2013. A total of 1376 specimens were collected by using Simple light traps operated from dusk to dawn daily for eighty nights. The moths caught were identified up to the subfamily level. Sub-family Ennominae represents maximum number of species (18) and Sub- family Geometrinae show the minimum number (4).

Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification. Given the agriculture intensive economy in India, agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture are predominate sources under this category. The Point source means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance and predominant contributors are Urban agglomerations and Industries. To carry out the assessment of pollutant load in macro level and in mirco level depending on the spatial scale, the land use and land cover assessment facilitates to quantify the total load into the lake system. The paper describes the methodologies adopted for carrying out such assessment for Kolleru Lake thereby to review the appropriate mitigation methods.

Kodomillet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is one of the hardiest crop among all the small millets. It has a capability to stand for the biotic and a biotic stresses. But increased soil salinity majorly limits the plant productivity and quality. Present work was focused on evaluation of Kodomillet genotypes such as IPS 145, IPS 610, IPS 351, IC 382888, IPS 583 and IC 426676 for their salt tolerance efficiency subjected to different salinity levels i.e. 0, 200, 400 and 600 mM NaCl at 45 DAS. The results obtained were revealed that root length, shoot length, number of leaves and root length density found to be insignificant whereas root shoot ratio, root and shoot relative water content and total chlorophyll content were correlated significantly. Among all the test types IC 426676 and IPS 583 showed more salt tolerance efficiency and IPS 145 reported less salt tolerance efficiency.

Undoubtedly, brewery companies like many other commercial companies in Ghana contribute to the economic development of the nation. In fact, there is nothing new about companies being development agents. In this study, the perception of brewery’s activities with respect to pollution among some inhabitants of Kaase Kumasi, Ghana was investigated. In the study, 80 randomly selected respondents from Kaase near the Guinness Brewery Limited were interviewed with the help of questionnaires. These were compared with their control counterpart ie 80 randomly selected respondents from high School Junction all in Kumasi, Ghana. Analysis of the results based on one’s general knowledge of site of disposal of brewery waste showed that, knowledge of the dumping site was evenly distributed among both communities. Greater proportion of respondents around the upstream area of the Sissa stream in Kaase (27.5%) however, perceived odour emanated from the brewery affected their health compared to their upstream counterpart (13.75%). This was statistically significant (p=0.0316). The study also showed that, greater proportions of respondents from the Kaase area (Downstream of the Sissa stream) i.e., (97.5%) were of the view that malaria was a major concern affecting their family compared to respondents from High school junction (71.25%) (p<0.0001). Results from this study has shown that, inhabitants of Kaase living near Guinness Ghana Limited perceive the brewery could be polluting their environment with their production.

It is important to remove or minimize the degradations, noises in valuable ancient blurred color images. The traditional available filtering methodologies are applicable for fixed window dimensions only these are not applicable for varying scale images. In our project we propose a new technique for digital image restoration, in this the noise free and noisy pixels are classified based on empirical multiple threshold values. Then the median filtering technique is applied. So that noise free pixels are getting preserved and only noisy pixels get restored. In this project, median filter, called the multiple thresholds switching (MTS) filter, is proposed to restore images corrupted by salt-pepper impulse noise. The filter is based on a detection-estimation strategy. The impulse detection algorithm is used before the filtering process, and therefore only the noise-corrupted pixels are replaced with the estimated central noise-free ordered mean value in the current filter window. The new impulse detector, which uses multiple thresholds with multiple neighborhood information of the signal in the filter window, is very precise, while avoiding an undue increase in computational complexity. For impulse noise suppression without smearing fine details and edges in the image, extensive experimental results demonstrate that our scheme performs significantly better than many existing, well-accepted decision-based methods.

Renewable energy sources derive enormous energy from the sun’s radiation. Global Solar Radiation prediction is essential in Photo Voltaic power plants for efficient sizing and improving the performance of these systems. Some computational Intelligence methods are used in time series prediction of solar radiation based on the statistical data. A number of neural network models like Radial Basis function (RBF) and Multilayer perception (MLP) were used and these are all forward prediction methods which may result in inaccuracy of prediction. Here, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), in which a feedback from the output layer is given as input to one of the hidden layers has been used. Input variables used for prediction are Day of the month, daily mean air temperature, Relative humidity, Air Pressure and Solar azimuth angle.RNN is being trained using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Evolutionary algorithm (EA).EA is stochastic search and optimization heuristics derived from evolutionary theory.PSO is an optimization based technique used for solving non-linear and multidimensional problems. Also, performance of these algorithms is compared by calculating Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).

Sludge is often generated from the treatment of wastewater and it is essential to reduce its volume before disposal into the environment through dewatering. This helps to reduce the cost of final sludge disposal. This study was therefore aimed at developing a model for the draining time of sludge through the application of vacuum pressure. A vacuum filtration experiment was performed on sewage sludge collected from the wastewater treatment plant situated at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The sludge sample was poured into Buchner funnel apparatus and the volume of the filtrate collected was noted at a certain time interval until the end of the experiment. The specific resistance values were obtained using the newly derived-, modified-, and Carman’s-equation, respectively. A comparative study was carried out on the three values obtained and the results showed that the newly derived equation gave the best result. Overall, the newly derived equation demonstrated conformity with Carman’s equation and can be used for sludge dewatering investigation. This paper covers a relevant subject within the field of waste treatment processes, namely the dewatering of sludge from wastewater treatment system and on a large scale, can aid in producing cost effective mechanism that makes it more possible for developing nations to incorporate adequate and effective sanitation.

In this paper, the maximal product of two fuzzy graphs is defined. It is proved that when two fuzzy graphs are effective then their maximal product is always effective. Also it is proved that the maximal product of two connected fuzzy graphs is connected. The degree of a vertex in the maximal product of two fuzzy graphs is obtained. It is illustrated that when two fuzzy graphs are regular then their maximal product need not be regular. But it is proved that the maximal product of two regular fuzzy graphs is regular with some restrictions.

This paper describes some aspects of concerning the effect of heat treatment on friction coefficient for Modified ZA-27 alloy. Experiments were conducted based on the plan of experiments generated through Taguchi’s technique. A L25 orthogonal array was selected for analysis of the data. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance(ANOVA) and regression analysis are employed to find the optimal process parameter levels and to analyze the effect of these parameters on coefficient of friction. The result shows that Normal Pressure is the more sensitive parameter.

Language is the mean of communication among people. Tonekaboni is one of the dialects of Mazandarani language which is spoken in the north part of Iran and the south parts of Caspian Sea. The present paper investigated some English idioms and expressions and their equivalents in Tonekaboni dialect to see how similar or different they are. It also compared the teenagers and the adults to see how much intelligible these idioms are for them in Tonekaboni dialect. Twenty Persian idiomatic expressions was chosen and typed from Persian and distributed among more than fifty informants who were mostly from nearby rural areas. They were asked to write the local equivalents of the expressions. Interview was also conducted among some illiterate and older locals to increase the validity of the results. The results showed that although the idiomatic expressions are semantically the same, but they are phonetically very different in the way that the new generation of teenagers cannot even understand them.

This study investigated the level of four different heavy metals Copper, Zinc, Lead and Cadmium in ten vegetables viz; Potato, Brinjal, Pumpkin, Tomato, Carrot, Radish, Coriander, Menthe, Spinach and Pigweed collected from two local market sites in Chitrakoot. The evaluation of heavy metals present in the vegetables was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations for each heavy metal in the samples were calculated and compared with the standards set by the FAO and WHO. The results reveal that the levels of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium for vegetables ranged from 0.063-9.32, 0.04-0.83 and 0.001- 0.99 mg/kg dry weight respectively. Lead was not detected in vegetables from most of the samples and where detected, it was at very low or almost negligible concentrations of 0.001- 0.003 mg/kg. The study concludes that heavy metal levels in vegetables consumed in the area were found to be within permissible limit and are safe for consumption.

Agriculture sector is the mainstay of livelihood for rural people of India. It provides not only employment opportunity to the rural people but also manages food facility to the people. It is contributing nearly 12.02 percent in GDP to the nation income. Agricultural development is an integral part for the socio-economic development of the country. Land is a crucial denominator for estimation of the economic status of the people. The possession of land is a tantamount of power, prestige and prosperity in the Indian society but it’s distribution among the social categories is typically based on hierarchy system. This paper will study ‘Labour and Occupational Transformation in Uttar Pradesh’. Hence, the present study is based on secondary data. It will analyze labour and occupational transformation and its impact on economic conditions of the rural people of the state. The unequal distribution of agricultural land in the State is intrinsically based on the caste system. As a result, very few people have possessed a large size of land holdings while a bulk of people have small size of land holdings. Unequal distribution of land is responsible for the unemployment situation. Cultivators who have very few land and they are not capable to cultivate it. Hence, they are compelled to sell their agricultural land for their livelihood and became labour. Thus, cultivators and landless labour are not only converting as an agricultural laborer but also shifting from agricultural sector to non- agriculture sector like Manufacturing, Industry sector. Hence, this trend is increasing the insecure employment situation in the State. It finds almost 80 percent of marginal holdings accounted at 39 percent operated land while only 0.12 percent large holding possessed 2.38 percent operated land. Regular employment is decreasing while casual and self employment is increasing. Hence, the transformation of the surplus labour from agriculture sector to other sectors is the good symbol for the socio- economic development of the rural people in Uttar Pradesh.

The main purpose of the study was to determine the status of information and communication technology (ICT) in academic libraries in polytechnics in Ghana. The study utilized an e-mail survey of ten (10) polytechnic librarians with the use of structured questionnaires of open and close ended questions. The respondents were purposively selected. The findings were analyzed using SPSS software and presented by use of descriptive statistics. The study found that majority of the respondents does not have adequate ICT facilities in the polytechnic libraries, and therefore cannot support modern academic library services. The findings indicate that ICT-based services that enhance the delivery of library services are generally inadequate in these libraries which are expected to offer value-added services to users. Based on the research findings, the study suggests among others that polytechnics should acquire adequate ICT facilities in their libraries to provide modern academic library services to their users. Polytechnic libraries must position themselves strategically in terms of ICT to be able to sustain their services to help achieve their mission.

A large number of persons in India have been victim of domestic violence. Usually it occurs more to women. In our study, we have measured status of domestic violence among women in Jharkhand State. The main objective of my study is to measure the percentage of women who are victimized in various types of domestic violence and its comparison in respect to all India level. The relationship of the incidences of domestic violence with different socio-economic variables is also found. For this study, I have used NFHS-3 data of Jharkhand state and the sample size is 853 reproductive aged (15-49 years) married women. Background characteristics such as place of residence, women’s and their husband’s educational status, women’s occupational status and wealth index of the family are linked to domestic violence. Bivariate analyses are used to find the causes of domestic violence. Categorical logistic regression is carried out to predict the domestic violence with the selected independent variables. The major finding of the data is that occurrence of domestic violence is more in Jharkhand in comparison with India. The incidences of domestic violence are found to be very low among the higher educated men and women and richest families. It is also interesting to know that, among the professionals or service holding women, the percentage of occurrence of physical violence is very high compared to other occupational categories of women and this result is statistically significant.

This study investigates households’ traditional fueldemand for cooking and, their determinants in Tigray: the case of Maichew Town. The results were estimated using the binarprobit model. Traditional fuel was by far the most dominant source of cooking fuel for the households surveyed in the town. Traditional fuel such as firewood, animal residue, crop residue and charcoal were the main source of cooking in the study area used by 71.25% of the households surveyed. The findings of the study also provide support to the energy ladder hypothesis that household income is a major determinant of household fuel demand. Furthermore, socio-economic and demographic factors like household head’s education, sex of the household head, age of the household head, house type, and occupancy status and responsibility of cooking were key determinants of traditional cooking fuel demand. The researcher, thus recommend intensification of income poverty reduction programs to improve households’ incomes, educational status and awareness. The benefits of such a policy is to move majority of households towards the upper levels of the energy ladder. This then implies a move away from over dependence on traditional fuels, which will be compatible with the energy strategic policy of Ethiopia, to more efficient, clean and modern energy sources.

This article aimed to study the effects of Internet and the digital world on the identity of adolescents. In this regards, the adolescence and identity development, adolescent’s identity crisis and the adolescents and the social networks are reviewed. The study showed that using Internet affects the youth’s identity. In fact, the increasing spread of information and communication technologies in recent years has affected human life in different aspects of political, social and cultural development.

Project management has emerged as a discipline in recent years. It developed from different fields of application including construction, engineering, communications, defence and the like. A successful project must be on time, on budget and deliver quality as promised. Anything less will be either a failed project or a challenged project. Research evidence shows that only a meager percentage of projects are successful by all measures and majority of projects are either partial failures or complete failures. In addition to the strategic definition of the projects’ scope and time deadlines, it is argued that a project has a high probability of success if good planning, clear responsibility and accountability and schedule control, etc are adhered to strictly. This should certainly give proactive project managers both food for thought and motivation to action. With this perspective in mind, the present paper makes a modest attempt in defining project management in its real context, analyze and evaluate the benefits of efficient project management on the organizations’ overall performance and the like.

Science, technology and innovation [henceforth ‘STI’] policy has long been a key instrument for building national competitiveness and accelerating the socio-economic development of countries. The contribution of STI in improving the quality of people’s lives has been enormous and indispensable. In relation to this, Ethiopia recognized the importance of STI long ago. It has therefore promulgated and revised its science, technology and innovation policy over the years. The STI policy which was issued in 2012 is designed in a way that serves as a key driver for inclusive and sustainable economic development. The main purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of the challenges of STI policy. The author examined the evolution of Ethiopian STI Policy and the challenges of its implementation. To achieve the objectives, empirical data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Semi-structured interview was used to gather data from the subjects drawn from research council offices of three public universities and the Ministry of Science and Technology. In addition, document and archive reports were systematically reviewed. Clear indications of improvement and progress in the STI related endeavors were observed from the results of the study. However, there are implementation problems as evaluated from dimensions including technology transfer, research, triple helix framework, financing, and international cooperation. Likewise, results indicate that work needs to be done in formulating programs, guidelines and directives that facilitate policy translation into action. The paper ends by suggesting some recommendations for the actors in the STI policy.

Continuing the professional growth of novices so that they become effective teachers has been a challenge for decades. Research suggests that induction programmes with comprehensive support structures can achieve this outcome. The NEC Teacher Induction Programme, the focus of this article, contains such support structures. Findings from a survey of novices’ perceptions of the support structures indicate that the novices view mentorship, master teacher demonstrations and the teacher-support group as the most beneficial in their induction experience.