February 2024

Condensation reactions occur described by converting dense gases or liquids into pastries, porridge, or powder. Condensates with a pour or thinning comparable to benzene or lighter, are considered as surface wetting and dew forming with the term dew point for temperature of condensation or evaporation on a material phase diagram. The electrostatic force of attraction between a vapour, wet gas and a crystalline or polymeric material is useful in heat fractionation to collect purified samples for physical identification of chemicals and in producing fine chemicals for the synthesis of transparent materials, drugs, herbal concoctions, eye and inner ear formulations in pharmaceutical industry, opaque materials are generally good dispersers of heat and useful in vapour condensation even if susceptible melting, charring, or burning at naked flame exposure. Powder is described as a condensate clustered without a clearly defined visible or verifiable boundary of or for coagulation; simply a powder is a particle with ability to solidify. Powders are useful for dimming shinny surfaces to disperse light on metallic columns. Refinery of powders for clarity to aid characterization ;Recipe; – Sun drying of powders removes liquid vapours and volatile contents of powder to reduce compaction, coloration and gumming due to the presence of gaseous nitrate and carbonates ;removal of odour; Warming and light; photo processing of powder promotes huddling serving as a parameter to describe a scale to grade and describe a default texture of a powder as a method of physical test and characterization for descriptive compares of different grit of powder of the same suspected composition.

Pelvic leiomyomas are the most common benign smooth muscle tumors of the genital tract in women between 35 and 40 years old [3], [4]. Asymptomatic, slow-growing fibroids are seen in perimenopausal women constituting 30 % of the total. They can cause vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, urinary disorders, pregnancy loss, dyspareunia, and in some cases infertility [3]. Such tumors are estrogen-dependent [1]. Cervical leiomyomas are occurs rarely, prevalence is considered to be less than 5 %, where they commonly presents with symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia and constipation [2]. Cervical fibroid can pass through the cervical canal to the vaginaand it can cause necrosis which was seen in our present case [3]. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scan helps and plays an important role in the management of patients with cervical leiomyomas [7]by detecting their number, size, and location. The management of cervical fibroid is planned according to patients profile including eitherincludes either myomectomy or hysterectomy.The management of cervical fibroid proves to be a challenge to the surgeon in view of their close proximity to the vital pelvic structures and likelihood to cause surgical complications. This case report was prepared as per the SCARE Criteria [3]

Background: Obesity is associated with increased risk of respiratory symptoms, morbidity and mortality. There is a dearth of literature on the effect of obesity on lung functions among the adolescent age group. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of obesity on lung function test indices among obese secondary school adolescents. Methods: It was a descriptive analytical study carried out from May to July 2019. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recur it adolescents from 16 secondary schools in Port Harcourt Local Government Area, Rivers State. Data were collected using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Weight and height were measured using a digital weighing scale and a stadiometer respectively. Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/height2 (m2) with WHO Anthro-Plus software and categorized using WHO standard BMI-for-age Z-score charts for boys and girls 5 to 19yrs. Lung function indices were measured using a digital hand-held Spiro bank II spirometer which was calibrated based on the GLI 2012 equation. Results: A total of 224 secondary school adolescents were recruited for the study out of which 108 (48.21%) were males and 116 (51.79%) were females, giving a M: F ratio of 0.93:1. Before controlling for confounders, obese females had significantly low mean percentage predictive values of FEV1 and PEF compared to normal (FEV1: 72.2 vs. 82.83; PEF: 67.73 vs. 71.7; p=0.011).After correcting for confounders (socioeconomic status and parental smoking) using a regression model, obesity was significantly associated with lower FEV1 percentage predicted (p=0.010) and PEF percentage predicted (p=0.050). Among the obese adolescents, lung function indices correlated negatively with obesity severity, but was only statistically significant for FEV1 (r=-0.43, 95%CI: -0.15, -0.003; p=0.041)and PEF (r=-0.41, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.00; p=0.051). Conclusion: Obesity was associated with reduction in lung function indices; and obese subjects with higher body mass index had worse lung function test indices Therefore, it will be worthwhile to routinely carry out lung function tests as part of School Health Program, so that necessary measures and referrals would be implemented. On the other hand, this study exposed the need to put in place measures (such as playground in schools, discouraging fast-food patronage) to reduce the prevalence of obesity among secondary school adolescents in Port Harcourt.

From 1985 till 2015 I have got Odonata from Norbert Flauger in Venezuela. Many deliveries with Odonata I got from him and I have collected a lot of Odonata species. The dried or emerged Odonata I have mostly prepared. All Odonata were noted in a book and a database. A list contains the Odonata from Venezuela from the database is given.

Introduction: Studies have shown that abnormal body weight can lead to fertility problems in women. The effect of body mass index (BMI) on female infertility has not been studied in this environment. Aims and Objectives: To find out the association of BMI with primary and secondary infertility among infertile women in a sub-Saharan African city. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study which included 112 infertile women (18-45 years) was carried out at a private diagnostic centre in Ado-Ekiti. Data on socio-demographics and other relevant information were collected. Primary and secondary infertility were classified based on the World Health Organization's definitions of infertility. The patient’s weight and height were used to calculate the BMI and reported in kg/m2. Results: More than two third of the participants (70.5%), had secondary infertility and 33 (29.5%) had primary infertility. The majority of the infertile women were overweight (41.1%) while 33.9% had normal BMI and 20.5% and 4.5% were obese and underweight respectively. Overall women with secondary infertility had significantly higher BMIs, than women with primary infertility. Conclusion: There is an increased risk of infertility among women with a BMI ≥ 25.00 and most of these women had secondary infertility. Evaluation of weight and treatment of obesity should be considered as part of treatment in obese and overweight women with infertility as this may improve the outcome. Precautionary measures including lifestyle modification may also go a long way in reducing the risk of infertility associated with abnormal body weight.

Economic development is a complex process in which financial and human capital are combined in sophisticated and productive ways, and that is why certain countries advance in this process much more rapidly than others. Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of economic development. Therefore, it is urgently required to provide quality education to the student community at the cheapest possible cost. West Bengal as a state had occupied a place of pride in the educational sphere in India. The key towards such success was its maintenance of quality in imparting knowledge among its students. At one point of time West Bengal participated in the rat race and started reducing burden of the students so that they can score well in the examination. There is no reason to deny that development of Information and communication Technology has enhanced the accessibility of both teacher and learner to expanded horizon of inputs. But the question is whether such enriched support system is sufficient to ensure provision of quality education to the learners. The essential prerequisite for successful impart of quality education is assimilation of knowledge on the part of teacher and transmission of assimilated knowledge to the learners. If we analyse the entire education system, we find a Pyramidal structure with three tiers. At the bottom there lies educational institutions and at the top there is Government. The first National Policy on Education in 1968, National Policy on Education in 1986 & its modification in 1992 and New Education Policy 2020 are instrumental to achieve those objectives of the Government of India. Present New Education Policy 2020 has envisaged flexible multidisciplinary approach to higher education putting an emphasis to research orientation. This present paper seeks to analyse whether New Education Policy will be able to reach its goal or simply produce Jack of All Trades but Master of None.

Effective assessment informs both students and instructors about learning progress and areas for improvement. Assessments point-out to students and teachers what to do to achieve the intended learning outcomes given the necessary support. This study aims to develop a predictive model that uses formative assessments to predict students’ success on summative assessments through cross-sectional analysis. Data are collected from the formative and summative performances of fourth year college students. The collected data are analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and One-Way ANOVA. To shed light on formative tests’ predictive power for summative outcomes, a linear equation model is created through linear regression analysis. Results show that when formative tests are used successfully to track students’ progress, identify learning gaps, give timely feedback, students will have better summative performances. In light of the study, practitioners are encouraged to carefully design classroom assessments putting premium on formative assessments and feedback mechanisms to yield better learning outcomes.

Objective: In this study phytocompounds of spearmint, that are known to have anti-androgenic activity are docked against a protein CYP21A2. This protein is also known as progesterone complex one of member cytochrome P450 enzymes, mutations in the genes encoding these proteins are causative factors of PCOS. Methods: The study was based on a computational using different phytochemicals of spearmint docking to a target protein CYP21A2 which causes hormonal imbalance leading to PCOS and hirsutism. Molecular docking was conducted using PyRx-Virtual Screening Tool and Biovia Discovery Studio 2.0 to determine binding affinities of different phytochemicals to target protein. Results: The docking result revealed that Biocyclogermacrene, cubebol, (-)-beta-Bpurbonene, alpha-bourbonene and spathulenol showed highest binding affinities between -8.1 to -8.5 kcal/mol. Further ADMET properties of these compounds are explored mainly to understand the possibility developing potential drug for PCOS. Conclusion: These bioactive compounds can be considered as potential agents that can used with polyherbal plant extract to reduce the androgen levels in women suffering from PCOS.

Introduction: Compare to adults, there are relatively few studies on COVID-19 infection in children, preliminary reports suggest that children (≤18 years of age) have relatively lower odds of adverse clinical outcomes associated with COVID-19. Objective: To identify the COVID-19 prevalence in different age groups of paediatric Patients. Materials and Method: This is a retrospective study done in tertiary care hospital of western Rajasthan from march 2021 to June 2021. All children 18 and under who had family or social history of COVID-19 exposure were included in study. ConfIrmation of COVID-19 was done using RT-PCR. Result: Total 18,561 cases of 18yr and below of ages were screened out of which, 395 infants (0-1yr), 798 toddlers (1-3yr), 917 preschoolers (3-5yr), 3633 middle childhood (6-11yr), 3413 young teenagers (12-14yr), 9404 teenagers (15-18yr). Conclusion: The cases of COVID-19 are more among teenagers as compared to other age groups, followed by young teenagers and middle childhood. Though studies shows that minimum reporting of cases from paediatric age group but it is important to be cautious and continue to screen COVID -19 in paediatric age group as this SARS CoV-2 has shown great capability to mutate which leads to generation of new variants which can be detrimental to paediatric population.

Gender and gender equality issues are a current concern in Africa. They raise different perspectives and interpretations and go beyond the simple biological distinction between man and woman. Gender is influenced by factors such as culture, society, history, social norms. Indeed, from its first moments of socialization, the individual is assimilated to sexual behaviors established and imposed by the social norms of his environment. Family education is one of the vectors of reproduction of these beliefs, opinions and knowledge. It is in this dispute that this study is conducted to analyze the impact of sociocultural realities on family education and its impact on gender-related social representations among students of the National Institute of Physical and Sports Education (INEPS) and the Faculty of Letters, Languages, Arts, and Communications (FLLAC) in the commune of Adjarra in Benin. The documentary research, the questionnaire and the interviews formed the basis of the research methodology. Analysis of the data reveals that socio-cultural norms create gender roles and stereotypes that are transmitted from parents to children through family education. Therefore, the education received by these students has a negative effect on their representations of gender. It is then the sum of opinions, knowledge and beliefs specific to a culture, a category or a social group and related to objects of the social environment.

Background: Dengue fever caused by dengue virus can unlikely present as various organ manifestations including purpura fulminans and peripheral gangrene. Case report: We report a case of 18 year old female with purpura fulminans with symmetrical peripheral impending gangrene secondary to DIC following dengue infection. Patient admitted in medicine ICU with complain of fever, headache, malaise, generalised erythematous rashes. On day4 patient developed blackening of both hand and feet. On detailed clinical examination and relevant investigation ,after excluding all the other causes ,we found that the cause of purpura fulminans was dengue fever. Discussion: Purpura fulminans is a rare presentation of dengue fever and can be fatal. So its early identification is crucial for timely management. We managed our patient with LMWH (Enoxaparin), Aspirin and FFP and patient was dramatically improved. Conclusion: Purpura fulminans in dengue fever associated with DIC is very rare. It can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and can be fatal. By prompt diagnosis and appropriate management we can save the life of patient.

The study focused on the Introduction: Butchers including donkey butchers are among the high risk groups of HBV infection, which impacts high economic, morbidity and mortality challenges to the infected. As a silent killer disease that exists more in chronic form, the infected butchers and herders can transmit to unsuspected persons. There were many consumers of donkey meat in Ebonyi State, who also served as distribution points to other neighbouring states. Hepatitis B virus infection is regarded as the 4th biggest killer among the world’s infectious diseases with 1.2 million deaths per year, after tuberculosis (3 million), diarrhoeal diseases (3.2 million) and acute respiratory infections (4.3 million) due to complications arising from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Various National surveys found 11.2% Nigerians chronically living with hepatitis B virus infection. In Ebonyi State, a prevalence of 8.9% has been documented among sexually active youths. Objective: This was to study the knowledge, risk factors and prevalence of HBV infection among donkey butchers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a mixed method cross-sectional study using a systematic sampling method to select 125 respondents in four donkey markets from three senatorial districts of Ebonyi State. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews (KII).Serological test was also done for identification of HBV surface antigen which indicated reaction to HBV infection using high sensitive HBV Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits;use of semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaires to quantify respondents’ HBV knowledge and practices within the donkey markets. Thereafter, qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews to support the findings of the quantitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet version 2013. Chi-square, Student t-test and multivariate logistic regressions were computed with level of significance set at p<0.05, while qualitative data were analyzed by manual Content Analysis using predetermined thematic areas. Results: Showed that mean age as at last birth day (Mean ±SD) was42.5±15.8. Majority of the donkey butchers had poor HBV knowledge109 (87.2%) which was corroborated by the qualitative aspects of FGD and KII. Majority of the herders have spent more than 10 years in the market while very few were found to have had any piercing or cut or head injuries, any other wounds or accidents while working in donkey markets. Prevalence of HBV infection among donkey butchers was 8.0%. Only duration of stay was found to be associated with prevalence of HBV (p=0.047).

Healthy hair can boost self-esteem but also plays a vital role in other aspects of good health. Indralupta is a kshudraroga as classified by Sushruta Samhita.it is an ailment characterized by patches of hair loss and affects the hair-bearing skin including the beard and scalp area.The hair loss has a different pattern where the tufts of hair tend to fall out in a short time span. Indralupta can be compared with Alopecia areata an autoimmune disease in contemporary science.1 This case study aims to assess the role of Jalaukavacharana and Karanjadi Taila in managing Indralupta.

Introduction: La maladie de Moya-Moya est une cause rare d’AVC du sujet jeune, touchant le plus souvent la population asiatique. C’est une pathologie vasculaire cérébrale chronique caractérisée par la sténose et l’occlusion progressive de la terminaison des artères carotides internes intracrâniennes et de la partie proximale des artères du polygone de Willis. Elle est de pronostic réservé. Son diagnostic repose essentiellement sur l’artériographie. Son traitement doit être précoce et consiste en une chirurgie de revascularisation. Les auteurs rapportent l’observation d’un cas jeune, d’origine française,en comparaison aux données de la littérature. Objectif : Décrire les particularités cliniques d’un patient d’origine française, atteint de la maladie de Moya-Moya. Observation : Un caucasien d’origine française de 53 ans, a présenté un 3eépisode de déficit moteur récent brutal, secondaire à un infarctus sylvien gauche. Le bilan d’AVC réalisé a permis de mettre en évidence une maladie de Moya Moya probable grâce à une arteriographie.il a bénéficié d’un traitement médical, couplé à une rééducation motrice. Mots-clés: maladie de Moya-Moya, sujet jeune, Europe.

Introduction: Pulmonary agenesis is a rare congenital anomalythat is due to developmental failure of primitive lung buds. It is often associated with other congenital anomalies like cardiovascular, central nervous, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and skeletal systems.1The combination of pulmonary agenesis with renal agenesis and polysplenia makes it a first-of-its-kind case. Case report: A25-year-old female presented with complaints of low-grade fever, chest pain and shortness of breath on exertion for 2 months. On examination, she hadan asymmetrical chest with reduced chest expansion, vocal fremitus, vocal resonance and breath sounds on the left hemithorax. X-ray chest showed homogenous opacity in the middle and lower part of the left chest. So provisionally we kept the diagnosis as collapse or loculated pleural effusion.The patient underwent further radiological investigations and was diagnosed as a case of left pulmonary agenesis with left renal agenesis and polysplenia. Discussion: Bilateral pulmonary agenesis is not compatible with life whereas patients with unilateral agenesis can present at any age with variable respiratory symptoms and recurrent chest infections. The condition mimics other pathologies like collapse, pleural effusion and consolidation on clinical examination and radiograph. Conclusion: Pulmonary agenesis is arare condition that is generally diagnosed in childhood and its presentation in adulthood is extremely rare. Once diagnosed, the patients need further evaluation for other associated congenital anomalies which can be treated potentially before getting symptomatic.

Background: Canines are considered to be the key teeth for personal identification as it exhibits greatest sexual dimorphism. The morphometric assesment provides the evidence of sex determination due to dimorphic nature of canine. Objectives: To evaluate the reliablity of canine morphometric analysis in prediction of sexual dimorphism in Himachali population. Methods: Total 70 subjects (35 males and 35 females) were randomly selected and study models were fabricated. The intercanine width and mesiodistal width of canine was measured using digital vernier caliper on the study models of both maxilla and mandible. Sexual dimorphism, Standard and observed canine index was calculated. All the measurements were statistically analysed using student t test. Results: On comparison the mean values were found to be larger in males than females and was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The left canine was more dimorphic than the right canine in both maxilla and mandible and mandibular canine index was found to be more reliable than maxillary canine index in prediction of sexual dimorphism The value of the standard canine index was found to be 0.25 in maxilla and 0.28 in mandible in Himachali Population.

Background And Purpose: Spasm are one of the most common complication in spinal cord injury persons which may cause increase the fall frequency in transfer activities even in wheelchair activities. Cryotherapy has been used in clinical practice to reduce the spasm in spinal cord injury patients, which positive results have been reported in clinical studies. Weight bearing exercise has some effects on spasticity which may improve joint and muscle function. The purpose of the case report was to document the effects of cryotherapy along with weight bearing exercise on refractory spasm and fear of fall present with the spinal cord injury patient. Case Description: The patient was 45 year old male injured with road traffic accident, who diagnosed with complete spinal cord injury at the level of D8 and D9. He was surgically treated with D8 and D9 reduction and posterior stabilization with decompression on july 2017. After 6 months the patient was taken rehabilitation for 6 months and make him independent with wheel chair assistance. The present complaint was refractory spasm in his lower limb which affect his daily activities like transferring activity. This also leads him to fall in some activities. Results: The patient had benefits with significant reduction of refractory spasm in the both lower limbs following 4 weeks of cryotherapy application along with weight bearing activities. The spasm frequency score showed significant changes from 3 at the week of one to score 1 at the end of 4 weeks. Spasm severity scale 3 in week one and 1 in week four. Visual Analogue scale showed the fear of fall from 8 to 2 at the end of 4th weeks. CONCLUSION: This study reported that cryotherapy along with weight bearing exercise significantly reduce the refractory muscle spasm and diminish the fear of fall in spinal cord injury patient with paraplegia.

Background: In the challenging realm of health-science education, a rigorous curriculum, combined with the expectations to thrive in a fiercely competitive environment, affects students' academic performance, physical health, and psychological well-being. Objective(s): This paper embarks on an exploration of mental health within the University of Guyana; College of Medical Sciences, contextualizing it within a global landscape of stress, anxiety, and depression that afflicts aspiring healthcare professionals. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the researchers investigated the correlation between student concerns and mental health. They utilized Google Forms to administer Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale questionnaires to 265 participants. The modified scale included 9 items rated on a five-point Likert scale, achieving a post-administration Cronbach alpha score of 0.854. Psychological distress was defined as scores below 26 out of 45. Chi-squared tests were employed to examine associations between worries and indicators of psychological distress, such as sleep disturbance and university studies. Additionally, Chi-squared tests were used to assess connections between students' requests for support and their mental well-being scale category. Statistical analyses were conducted with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p < 0.05, including odds ratios to explore relationships between reported sleep disturbance, worries, and daily living or university activities. Results: The chi-square tests revealed a significant correlation between students seeking support from academic staff and concerns about finances (X² = 9.085, df=1, p< 0.003), as well as between sleep disturbance and listed worries among students (X² = 20.647, df=1, p< 0.001). Students who worried about finances were found to be 2 times more likely to require support from academic staff compared to their counterparts (OR: 2.0944, CI: 1.2909 to 3.3983, z statistic: 2.994, Significance level P = 0.0028). Those reporting interference with daily living activities and university studies due to worries were 3 times more likely to experience sleep disturbance (OR: 3.0421, CI: 1.8699 to 4.9492, Z statistic: 4.481, Significance level P < 0.0001). Normality was confirmed through a Shapiro-Wilk test using the modified questionnaire (Test statistic W= 0.993, df: 289, p-value: 0.175). An independent sample t-test comparing mean scores on a Warwick-Edinburgh mental health well-being test showed a significant difference between those who worry about university studies and those who do not t (5.676), df= 287, p<0.001) with a large effect size (d=0.839). Conclusions: The research highlights the pressing necessity for specific interventions aimed at tackling psychological distress and easing concerns among students in health science.

Teacher performance appraisal and development policy implementation is an ongoing process that Teacher Service Commission in Kenya is using for identifying, measuring and developing teachers’ performance in accordance with an organization’s strategic goals. Globally teacher performance appraisal and development is a process conducted with an aim of improving teacher’s own practices by identifying strengths and weaknesses for further professional development and to ensure that teachers perform at their best to enhance student learning. However, despite the implementation of the policy, teachers’ performance has remained low. The objective of the study therefore was to determine the contribution of teacher performance appraisal and development policy implementation on teachers professional development in enhancement of teacher performance in public primary schools in Migori County. The study was guided by the Goal setting and multiple intelligence theories which advocate for setting clear targets that can be achieved by the application of a variety of knowledge and skills. The study established that Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development policy implementation contributed highly to teacher professional development in enhancement of teacher performance in public primary schools. The findings of the study are important to educational administration, policy makers and planners in Teachers Service Commission in understanding how Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development (TPAD) implementation contributes to professional development, and is relevant for improvement in teacher performance.

The study was conducted at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Parel, Mumbai Veterinary College, and Bai Sakarbai Dinshaw Petit Hospital. The present research focused on study of Left Ventricular Sphericity Index (LVSI) in two groups of dogs i.e healthy dogs and those affected by Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM). Echocardiographic examinations were performed to analyse cardiac geometry changes using the LVSI. The control group comprised dogs without abnormalities, while the DCM group included dogs with DCM symptoms and heart enlargement. Results revealed that the LVSI was significantly lower in DCM-affected dogs (1.29 ± 0.03) compared to healthy dogs (1.95 ± 0.04), indicating ventricular enlargement. Echocardiography confirmed this trend, showing a substantial increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd) in the DCM group. This study enriches the understanding of cardiac remodelling, contributing to the diagnosis and management of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in veterinary practice.

Background: Scrub typhus is endemic in the various parts of the world and especially in the Indian subcontinent. renal abscess are largely unknown in scrub typhus. These can be a source of persistent abdominal pain. Clinical Description: A 38-year-old male presented with a 4-day history of fever, loose stools, respiratory distress, and abdominal pain. On examination, he was febrile, had tachypnea, tachycardia, and facial puffiness. Acute febrile illness to differentials of tropical infections (dengue, scrub typhus, enteric fever, and malaria). Management: Dengue, enteric fever, and malaria were ruled out on investigations. Scrub IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive. Ultrasound of the abdomen showed renal anechoic lesions suggestive of abscess. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) confirmed the findings. Blood and urine culture was sterile The final diagnosis was scrub typhus with renal abscess. His symptoms resolved with doxycycline therapy. Conclusion: Involvement of the renal abscess is a rare complication in scrub typhus and can lead to persisting abdominal symptoms. Renal abscess is not a well-known complication in patients of scrub typhus; hence, it may lead to under diagnosis of the condition. An abdominal ultrasound or if required, CT scan of the abdomen might be needed in cases with persistent abdominal symptoms to rule out this rare complication

In India, river bank erosion has become one of the most significant environmental problems. This is one of the critical public concerns in India at least in some states like West Bengal especially in the Lower Gangetic Plain. River bank erosion has a long-term consequence on human life. The victims are compelled to displace as they become destitute. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study about previous trends of riverbank erosion, its impact on riverine inhabitants and possible preventive and remedial measures required to solve such a complex and multi-dimensional problem along river Ganga of Bhagawangola II block, Murshidabad district. Analysis of data as obtained from the representative sample of erosion victims as well as the secondary sources of data clearly indicates that the hazard victims are to face socio-economic insecurity due to loss of agricultural land, become unemployed and that a holistic approach to save the erosion victims needs to be undertaken for a permanent solution of the problem.

Seed germination is the most important aspect for raising the nursery for successful seedling production of Papaya. The present study was carried out at Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study the Effect of Plant growth regulators and chemicals on seed germination and seedling growth in Papaya (Carica Papaya) variety Red lady. The treatments comprised of five levels of GA3 T1 GA3 100 ppm for 12 hrs, T2 GA3 200 ppm for 12 hrs , T3 GA3 300 ppm for 12 hrs , T4 GA3 400 ppm for 12 hrs, T5 GA3 500 ppm for 12 hrs and five levels of KNO3 T6 KNO3 0.5% for 12 hrs, T7 KNO3 1% for 12 hrs, T8 KNO3 1.5% for 12 hrs, T9 KNO3 2% for 12 hrs, T10 KNO3 2.5% for 12 hrs and T11 Control (Without Soaking). Observations were recorded for germination percentage (%), Plant height (cm), No. of leaves, Leaf area (cm2), No. of primary roots, No. of lateral roots, Root length (cm), Fresh weight of seedling (g) and Dry weight of seedling (g). Results revealed that Treatment T2 GA3 200 ppm dipping for 12 hrs recorded the maximum germination percentage of papaya seeds (88.28 %) followed by T3 GA3 300 ppm for 12 hrs (83.56 %) than T11 control which recorded the minimum germination percentage of 41.08 %, plant height (25.84 cm), more number of leaves (19.58), maximum leaf area (49.36 cm2), more number of primary and lateral roots (13.04 and 93.31) with maximum root length (33.43 cm) and also recorded the maximum fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings (18.88 and 1.94 g) which was followed by the treatment T3 GA3 300 ppm for 12 hrs than control T11 which recorded the least values on all growth attributes.

India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world next to China. Among the different fruit crops, Mango is the national fruit of India and contributing to 51% of world total production till 2022. Various technologies were developed and released by the National Institute and State Agricultural Universities to increase production of Mango for the benefit of farming communities. Among them, off season production of flowering (July-August) and fruiting (December- January) in mango through use of chemicals (Paclobutrazol) is practiced by the farmer to get remunerative price for produce. The chemical not only reduce soil microbial count and also reduce the longevity of fruit tree. The nature is given in India to harvest mango fruits from beginning of February to October in different states. The only three months (Nov-January) consumer unable to get mangoes which is also possible through unusual phenomenon of regular off-season crop at Kanyakumari (the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula) has been attributed to the influence of the fairly well distributed rainfall of the area. Hence, the off season production technology in mango is against nature and forcing the tree to bear two crops per year which is expecting like two children per year.