June 2025

Uttarakhand, in the Himalayan foothills, is known for its dense cultural heritage, dialects, and traditional cuisine. Historically influenced by nature and spiritual ethos, the area has evolved unique indigenous practices. With the influences of globalization and westernization now on the move, these indigenous traditions of Uttarakhand's culture, cuisine, and language are being profoundly altered. This review examines the twofold influence of local customs and global influences in Uttarakhand, highlighting the impact of globalization on the cultural practices, food culture, and linguistic identity of the region. Globalization, propelled by communication, trade, and global cooperation advances, has caused cultures to slowly become homogenized. In Uttarakhand, this is experienced through changes in festival rituals, practices, and art forms, where global influences are gradually making their presence felt in the traditional practices. The new generation, being exposed to international media and tourism, is fusing traditional customs with cosmopolitan sensibilities, creating anxiety about the integrity and continuity of the cultural heritage of the region. Language itself, a strong component of culture, is in the process of change as local dialects such as Kumaoni and Garhwali become secondary to the spread of Hindi and English. This change causes difficulties for retaining cultural heritage as the rich storytelling tradition associated with these languages also becomes vulnerable.

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is known to cause a wide array of neuropsychiatric (NPSLE) issues, impacting a substantial proportion of affected individuals (pooled prevalence ~30% in SLE populations). Although severe events such as myelitis (seen in ~0.5-2% of SLE cases) and intracranial hemorrhage (~0.4% incidence) are recognized NPSLE complications, the specific combination of concurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cranial subdural hemorrhage (SDH), spinal SDH, and myelitis occurring simultaneously is exceptionally uncommon. Case Presentation: This report details the case of a 30-year-old female, whose previously well-controlled SLE (Class II Lupus Nephritis) acutely worsened into a severe multi-system flare. Prodromal symptoms emerged roughly six weeks earlier, followed by an acute onset of severe headache, neck pain, and swiftly progressing quadriparesis approximately 18 days before she was admitted to our tertiary care facility in Kolkata, India. Upon admission (Day 0), her neurological examination revealed quadriparesis, affecting the lower limbs and left side more significantly. Imaging and investigations subsequently confirmed widespread SAH, bilateral cerebellar SDH, non-enhancing myelitis from C4-C6, and an anterior spinal SDH spanning C5-D3. Multifocal intracranial vasculitis was suggested by digital subtraction angiography. Laboratory findings indicated high SLE activity, including low complement levels (C3/C4) and positivity for specific antibodies (SS-A/Ro52/nRNP/Sm), although dsDNA antibody tests were negative at this time. An initial period of stabilization permitted transfer to a high-dependency unit (around Day 10). However, despite treatment with high-dose steroids, prior IVIG administration, and Rituximab infusion (Day 18), her clinical trajectory declined due to complications including severe sepsis, pancytopenia, possible myocarditis, and progressive multi-organ dysfunction. This necessitated readmission to the ICU (Day 25) for mechanical ventilation. Following discussions about the goals of care given her grave condition, she was discharged at the family's request on Day 28 for continued supportive care in her home country of Bhutan. Conclusions: This case underscores the potential for a devastating cluster of neurological emergencies in NPSLE, likely stemming from CNS vasculitis during a severe systemic SLE exacerbation. It highlights significant diagnostic hurdles, especially distinguishing the inflammatory flare from infection, and illustrates the complexities of managing critical illness alongside aggressive autoimmune disease.

A 68-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with acute severe respiratory failure. Investigations on admission revealed ARDS, profound peripheral eosinophilia (Absolute Eosinophil Count >30,000/µL) with a markedly elevated serum IgE (4595 IU/mL), hyperleukocytosis, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and multiorgan dysfunction. Multiple ecchymotic patches were noted. He rapidly developed refractory shock, succumbing within 12 hours of ICU admission despite maximal supportive care. This report documents a catastrophic presentation driven by extreme eosinophilia, highlighting the devastating clinical course and the importance of considering eosinophilic emergencies, potentially with IgE-mediated or T-cell driven mechanisms, in unexplained critical illness.

Background: Microalbuminuria (MAU), a marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction, has been increasingly recognized for its association with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between microalbuminuria and the severity of acute ischemic stroke, assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and to determine whether microalbuminuria can serve as a predictor of infarct size and neurological impairment. Methods: A total of 60 patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled. Spot urine samples were analyzed for microalbuminuria, and stroke severity was assessed using the NIHSS. Infarct size was categorized as either small (SI) or large (LI) based on radiological findings. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between microalbuminuria and stroke severity. Results: Spot microalbuminuria was detected in 70.0% of cases compared to 10.0% of controls, with a statistically significant association (p = 0.000). A strong correlation was observed between microalbuminuria and stroke severity based on NIHSS scores at admission and one month later (p = 0.000), with higher microalbuminuria prevalence in moderate to severe and severe stroke categories. Stroke size also correlated with microalbuminuria, with larger infarcts more frequently associated with its presence. Conclusion: The presence of microalbuminuria is significantly associated with both infarct size and stroke severity in acute ischemic stroke patients. These findings suggest that microalbuminuria could serve as a simple, cost-effective prognostic biomarker in the clinical assessment of stroke severity. Incorporating microalbuminuria screening in acute stroke management may enhance early risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions.

Tuberculosis (TB) imposes a substantial economic burden on survivors of drug-sensitive TB, as evidenced by the data and supported by comparative studies. The findings reveal that direct costs, including diagnostics, medicine, and transportation, significantly impact patients, despite widespread use of government healthcare facilities. These expenses, coupled with income loss and wage disruption highlight the financial instability faced by TB survivors. Prolonged recovery periods further exacerbate this burden, reducing earning potential and straining household finances. • 74% of survivors reported a loss of income, and 42% experienced job loss due to the disease. The wage loss data shows variability, with 26% reporting no loss, while 23% lost wages equivalent to 7 days, and others reported longer periods (up to 270 days). This demonstrates the severe disruption in earning capacity caused by TB, particularly for daily laborers who constitute a significant share of the employed population (52%). • Survivors incurred significant additional monthly expenses, with 52% spending ₹1000 or more on necessities related to TB management. Diagnostic and travel costs added to this burden, with 64% spending ₹100 on travel and others incurring costs as high as ₹700 for diagnostics. These recurrent expenditures, though individually modest, compound over time, leading to financial strain. • 87% of survivors reported a reduction in savings, reflecting how TB depletes financial reserves, leaving families vulnerable to economic shocks. Such financial erosion can have long-term consequences, particularly for low-income households. • Although 82% of survivors relied on government hospitals for treatment, suggesting some alleviation of direct medical costs, additional expenses for medicine (e.g., 29% incurring ₹2000) and domestic losses (e.g., 23% facing ₹100 in expenses) highlight the hidden costs of managing TB. • 79% of households experienced mild food insecurity, while 8% faced severe impacts, underlining how TB indirectly affects nutritional well-being. This reflects the trade-offs households must make between healthcare spending and essential needs.

Over the last 20 years, improvement in development and application of omics technology has significantly improved newborn screening for inherited metabolic abnormalities. Early intervention was possible with traditional screening methods that are still in practice today and could largely rely on biochemical testing. This greatly decreased the risk of diseases and mortality from inborn errors of metabolism. These conventional approaches frequently lack the depth and precision needed to detect, at an early stage, a larger class of hereditary metabolic abnormalities. As a result, omics technologies will broaden and improve neonatal screening through analyses of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. In genomics, next-generation sequencing makes it possible to identify genetic variants in precise order that are linked to hundreds of metabolic illnesses, even before symptoms appear. Proteomics and metabolomics provide the methods for quantifying proteins and metabolites respectively, thereby granting some very precious insights into the functional state of metabolism. This is also supported by transcriptomics i.e., study of RNA expression patterns as it aids in understanding changes that occur in gene expression due to IEMs. If these omics technologies are introduced into newborn screening programs, both better detection sensitivity and broader coverage offer the potential to identify more complex and rare metabolic diseases that also became leading causes for false negative results in past incarnations. Such an approach improves the accuracy of diagnosis and allows personalised therapy depending on which intervention works better as indicated by the metabolic profile. In addition, the exploitation of omics approaches might result in identification of entirely new markers further extending the list of diseases that can be screened using a non-invasive test In essence, this will signify a tectonic shift towards the adoption of omics technology in neonatal screening for uncovering inheritable metabolic disorders in novel ways that are extensive, precise and individualized. These technologies will lead to much better outcomes for the infants in this population given increased accuracy of diagnosis and earlier treatment, tailored to the specific cause of each patient.

An Al3+-selective fluorescent probe P3 derived from naphthalimide was designed and characterized. Study showed that -OH groups in the structure of compound play important role in the selectivity and binding ability of compound to Al3+. The linear range of probe P3 to Al3+ was 4.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-4 M in ethanol, and 1:1 binding mode of P3–Al3+was obtained by Job’s plot experiment.

Dans un contexte de développement de la petite enfance en pleine transformation, de nombreuses recherches faites dans les pays développés ont établi un lien entre qualité de l’éducation à la petite enfance et le développement global (social, émotionnel, cognitif, physique) de l'enfant (Burchinal, Howes, & Kontos, 2002; Burchinal, Vanderguft, Pianta, & Mashburn, 2010). En contexte africain de manière générale et Sénégalais en particulier, marqué par de nombreux défis du sous-secteur de l’éducation préscolaire, la qualité qui est au cœur des politiques éducatives, se mesure au préscolaire à l’aune de la maturité scolaire, c’est-à-dire le développement des aptitudes, attitudes et connaissances nécessaire ou indispensables à la scolarisation. Ainsi, cette étude cherche à démontrer comment le développement des compétences psycho-sociales (CPS) chez l’enfant garanti une meilleure préparation scolaire. L’objectif est d’évaluer la qualité de l’éducation préscolaire sur la base des compétences psycho-sociales chez les enfants et de voir son impact sur les compétences académique. Réalisée dans le département de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, cette étude a utilisé la méthode mixte, combinant l’approche qualitative et quantitative. Deux outils ont servi au recueil des données : l’échelle d’évaluation de l’environnement préscolaire (ÉÉEP) sur la base d’une grille d’observation, et un test de compétences scolaire (Lollipop). Sur un total de 24 structures préscolaires choisies comme échantillon dont 8 par type de préscolaire, l’effectif des élèves s’élève à 2086 dans les différentes structures observées, dont 210 enfants sont retenus pour le test, y compris les enfants non préscolarisés (groupe témoin). L’analyse des données montreque le développement des compétences psycho-sociales chez les enfants impacte positivement sur la maturité ou préparation scolaire des enfants.

This study examines the trends in per capita forest and tree cover availability in India over the past 50 years, focusing on the interplay between deforestation, afforestation efforts, and population growth. From 1987 to 2021, India has experienced significant changes in land use, driven by urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization, contributing to a decline in forest cover. Despite these challenges, various government initiatives, such as the National Afforestation Programme and the Green India Mission, have aimed to increase tree cover and promote sustainable forestry practices. Using data from the Forest Survey of India (FSI) and demographic statistics, the analysis reveals fluctuating trends in per capita tree availability, with an overall decline until the early 2000s, followed by gradual recovery in recent years due to increased afforestation efforts. However, the growing population continues to exert pressure on forest resources, complicating conservation efforts. The study underscores that India’s rising population and the corresponding demand for resources have significantly impacted forest and tree cover. From 1987 to 2021, the per capita availability of forests steadily decreased, reflecting broader environmental strain due to population growth. The per capita availability of forest and tree cover declined from approximately 0.0785 hectares per person in 1987 to 0.0575 hectares in 2021, highlighting the widening gap between forest resources and population growth.

Introduction: Determination of the three-dimensional (3D) position of the maxillary incisors is an integral part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The contact of maxillary central incisor root with the incisive canal after maximum retraction was associated with apparent root resorption raising potent complications. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the relative position of incisive canal with regard to maxillary central incisors roots using CBCT in skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion. To compare the proximity of anterior border of incisive canal to maxillary central incisors roots in Pre treatment stage between skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion using CBCT. To compare the proximity of anterior border of incisive canal to maxillary central incisors roots before strap up and at pre-finishing stage in skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion using CBCT. Material & Methods: Total of 30 patients were divided into two groups: Group A: 15 skeletal class-I patients, Group B: 15 skeletal class-II patients. Both pre and post treatment CBCT images of both the groups were taken to evaluate the anterioposterior distance from incisive canal to maxillary central incisors roots. Results: All the study parameters showed a slight decrease from the pre- treatment to post-treatment time points and the changes in Rm-canal (P value 0.05) and CI root (P value 0.005) mean values with treatment were statistically significant. Conclusion: Anteroposterior distance between maxillary central incisor roots and incisive canal in both skeletal class I and class II groups does not show any significant differences.

HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count) is a severe complication of pre-eclampsia. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome rarely presents during pregnancy and is characterized by low C3 complement levels. Low complement levels are also observed in HELLP syndrome and is thought to be due to increased complement activation and a disruption of its regulatory mechanisms. We present a case of 27-year-old Primigravida of Asian ethnicity at 34 weeks gestation, who initially was diagnosed with HELLP syndrome based on jaundice, thrombocytopenia, elevated blood pressure, and abnormal liver function. However, subsequent investigations revealed a progressive decline in renal function, thrombocytopenia and low C3 complement levels raising suspicion for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and the importance of differentiating between HELLP syndrome and aHUS, particularly in the setting of complement abnormalities, as management strategies differ significantly.

Objective/Aim: The study is current trends in the facial skin care cosmetic injection treatment industry. Facial cosmetic injections, primarily neuromodulators (such as Botox) and dermal fillers (hyaluronic acid-based), have gained a lot of popularity as less invasive anti-aging treatments. Factors that drive this trend include cultural changes in the direction of self-care and increased media influence. Method: This paper will discuss the evolution of these procedures with the key aspects being highlighted below: • Popular Types: Explores the different roles played by neuromodulators for wrinkle reduction and dermal fillers for volume restoration and skin rejuvenation. • Evolution of Trends: Hones in on personal treatment, prevention, and 'prejuvenation,' coupled with a growing acceptance of the use of biostimulatory fillers that produce their own collagen. • Advancements in Technology and Technique: Delving into innovation, including, but not limited to: non-needle injection, cannula techniques, micro-injection, and how imaging technology may help ensuretenhanced precision • Safety and Regulation: Points to the regulation of safety as paramount, particularly in ensuring the expertise and qualifications of the administering physicians. Future Developments: These are possible future developments, such as AI-powered personalized treatment plans, further development of micro-injection devices, and more effective and longer-lasting filler materials. Results: • Facial cosmetic injections present a variety of benefits to enhance facial aesthetics and reverse the signs of aging. • Ongoing technological and technical advancements will result in safer, more effective, and more personalized treatments. • The ethical and responsible practice of these procedures is only assured by maintaining high professional standards and ensuring patient safety. Conclusion: Facial cosmetic injections, including Botox and fillers, are the most popular anti-aging treatments. They are more individualized and are now offered to younger patients as a preventative measure. Other advancements, such as cannula techniques, help make procedures less invasive. For safety, always seek treatment from a qualified professional.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are enzymes involved in the oxidation of polyphenols into quinones under the action of molecular oxygen, causing certain vegetables to brown. They also participate in essential biological processes such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and plant defense systems. Faced with agricultural challenges, including the proliferation of pests, the harmful effects of chemical inputs on the production chain, and the short shelf life of eggplants, the search for sustainable solutions is intensifying. This study aims to evaluate the impact of combining castor meal and castor oil on improving the nutritional and enzymatic properties of eggplants. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design (4x4), with four treatments: a negative control, the application of cake (1.9 t/ha), castor oil (5 l/ha), and a combination of the two (0.95 t/ha + 2.5 l/ha). Analysis of the results reveals that the fiber content of the fruit reached 7.45% for the control, followed by 7.02% for castor oil, and 6.68% and 6.85% for oil alone and the meal-oil combination, respectively. In terms of protein, castor meal achieved 21.26%, compared to 17.55% for castor oil, while the meal-oil mixture and the negative control showed 13.30% and 0.18% respectively. In terms of enzyme activity, castor oil induced peroxidase of 15.18 IU, while the other treatments showed values of 11.95 IU (control), 10.96 IU (cake-oil) and 10.15 IU (cake alone). The polyphenol oxidase rate was slightly higher in the control (12.15 IU) and lower with the meal-castor oil combination (11.97 IU). The integration of meal and castor oil into eggplant cultivation is therefore an innovative approach to optimizing the nutritional value of the fruit while enhancing peroxidase activity and reducing polyphenol oxidase activity.

Background: Menstrual cup use among Indian women is notably low despite their potential benefits on menstrual health and hygiene. The awareness, knowledge, and usage of menstrual cups among Indian women provide a complex landscape characterized by high awareness but low adoption rates. While many women recognize the menstrual cup as a viable alternative to traditional sanitary products, significant barriers hinder its widespread use. Objective: This study aims to understand the Awarenesss, Knowledge and use of Menstrual cup among women in India. Method: A review of literature was conducted using Google Scholar from 2015 to 2025.The total 15 studies that fall in the inclusion criteria are included in the narrative review. Result: Despite a growing awareness of menstrual cup among Indian women, its actual adoption is less due to misinformation, socio-cultural stigma, lack of accessibility, fear and lack of support. Conclusion: Targeted intervention, structured education and peer support is essential for normalising menstrual cup usage across different population.

Women are pushed to a position of inferiority in social and economic facets of human relationships by the patriarchal society of ancient India, which wilfully ignores their claim to property. Women were specifically denied economic and sexual freedom under ancient Hindu law. Manu, the first lawmaker, stated that "a woman must be dependent upon her father in childhood, upon her husband in youth, and upon her sons in old age" in order to sustain this assumption. She must never be allowed to be free. In comparison to their male counterparts, she has consistently been viewed as a lesser being. Women are viewed as inferior not only in their homes and in society at large, but also when it comes to rights and benefits. According to our Constitution, Indian women are to be treated on an equal basis with males in all spheres of life. Several revisions were adopted in succession laws to achieve the goals of the Constitution; however this has led to inequalities among women. These inequalities were not limited to social status but also extended to the inequality of economic and property rights.

Rainfed farmers are among the most vulnerable farming communities to manage the risk because of the heavy resilience on rain for their cultivation and sustenance of their livelihoods. The best and most timely responses against climate change are suitable risk mitigation measures. Accurately perceiving the risks associated with climate change is an essential factor for planning and then implementing measure. A well-functioning institutional arrangement promotes the institutional environment in rural areas. As changing in climate the demands for natural resources and environmental awareness increases, understanding and strengthening these arrangements become essential for farming community to manage the climate risk in rainfed agriculture. The findings highlight the significance of collaborative governance as a valuable alternative for addressing governance challenges in managing the farming risk, particularly when hierarchical oriented approaches are less effective.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recent advances in immunotherapy have significantly altered the treatment landscape. Atezolizumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, combined with Bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in advanced HCC. This review summarizes the mechanism, clinical data, safety, and guideline recommendations for this regimen. It also explores ongoing trials and future prospects. The IMbrave150 trial is the cornerstone for this therapeutic advance, establishing it as the first-line standard. Each section includes a focused discussion and reference citations for further understanding.

Wood Apple scientifically known as Feronia limonia or Limonia acidissima, is an underutilized dry land fruit crop and also known by vernacular names like kaitha, kainth bel, kothbel and monkory fruits. It belongs to family Rutaceae. In India, it is consumed either raw or ripe. Growing habits are deciduous, erect (seedling plant), and spreading (grafted plant). It has a strong root system, making it drought resilient, and it prefers light to heavy soil. The fruits of the wood apple tree have curative characteristics, making it one of India's most beneficial medicinal plants. It contains nutritious and therapeutic value, as well as astringent characteristics and a role in the cardiovascular system.The lesser known fruit crop wood apple is native to India but is also found in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand and other regions in the southern part of Asia. It is considered sacred by Hindus. It is not cultivated as commercial crop but it has religious importance in Southern India especially during Ganesh Chaturthi festival. Fruits contribute important nutritional and commercial value from the ancient time is being used in ayurvedic medicines as sole or contributing ingredient, but there is lack of published works in terms of depth scientific investigations about the fruit. The wood apple tree is locally known as elephant apple, monkey fruit, curd fruit, kata and kaithbel in different part of the country. It is native to south India and grows naturally in scattered manner in dry land and forest area in all parts of the country excluding high altitude and in cold region. It prefers dry hot condition at flowering and fruit setting stage. The tree is tolerant to both drought and waterlogging condition. The mature fruit have creamy-brownish, sticky, resinous, astringent, acidic-sweet pulp. The fruit pulp has pleasant aroma and seed scattered throughout fruit. The fruit and plant parts (leaf, stem, bark, fruit and seed) have good medicinal and curative values.

Host plant resistance is a key tool in the management of plant diseases. Mutant lines (IP1, IP2, IP3 and IP4) were tested against other potato varieties (Shangi, Sherehekea, K. Mpya and Unica) in different agro-ecological zones to ascertain their performance under potato bacterial wilt disease pressures. An experiment was set in an RCBD design with three replications in four different sites, namely, Nyandarua, Elgeiyo Marakwet, Burnt Forest and Moiben. Assessment was done on potato bacterial wilt disease prevalence and severities, as well as host plant status, which were rated on a scale of 1-5. Data obtained were subjected to analysis using statistical software GenStat 16th Edition VSN International Ltd. Different response levels and uniqueness were expressed by each test line across all AEZs, where variety, sites and time intervals (DAS) as well as their interactions had significant effects on disease severity, with different tolerance levels to the pathogen experienced in all the lines. The severity mean of four mutant lines was below 2.0 as per the days after sowing (DAS). Moreover, IP1 (2.0) and IP2 (2.1) had an overall mean across all sites; therefore, they proved a high level of tolerance to the bacterial wilt pathogen, while IP3 (2.4) and IP4 (2.5) were less than the resistant check (2.8) across all the sites and the susceptible check Kenya Mpya (3.2). Hence, there is a need for regular screening of the available genotypes for R. solanacearum management in potato production. The existence of the most tolerant varieties could form a baseline in integrated disease management for sustainable potato production.

El control biológico es una actividad que se lleva a cabo entre organismos, donde participan depredadores, parasitoides y patógenos para mantener el control de poblaciones de insectos plaga y algunas enfermedades en cultivos o ecosistemas. Algunos ejemplos de control biológico es la depredación, parasitismo y patogenicidad. Algunos beneficios del control biológico son: reducción del uso de pesticidas, sostenibilidad ambiental y productiva, mejora en la calidad de los productos y control de plagas invasoras. Las avispas son insectos del orden Himenóptera y algunas de estas realizan control biológico de forma natural e inducida. Algunas especies de avispas han sido caracterizadas y reproducidas en condiciones de laboratorio para su posterior distribución en los lugares donde se quiere controlar alguna especie nociva. En plantas deshidratadas y almacenadas de Parthenium hysterophorus se tiene el desarrollo de un gorgojo de nombre Lasioderma serricorne que se alimenta de tallos, hojas, flores y semillas. En este ambiente se tuvo el avistamiento de una avispa diminuta que se plantea sea el parasitoide del gorgojo. El estudio tuvo como objetivo la identificación taxonómica de la avispa que oviposita en las pupas de Lasioderma serricorne presente en plantas deshidratadas y almacenadas de Parthenium hysterophorus. Se colectaron avispas adultas y pupas ovipositadas para su identificación taxonómica. Los resultados mostraron que la avispa parasitoide es de nombre científico Nasonia vitripennis. Esta avispa es de carácter generalista y cosmopolita, que tiene preferencia por pupas de dípteros y que en algunos reportes científicos mencionan que puede ovipositar en otros tipos de insectos. Se concluye que el parasitoide de pupas de Lasioderma serricorne es un Himenóptero de la familia Pteromalidae cuyo nombre científico es Nasonia vitripennis. Y la acción parasitoide de Nasonia vitripennis en las pupas de Lasiderma abre la línea de investigación para utilizar esta avispa en programas de control biológico del escarabajo.

Essential oils are substances of plant origin and lipid nature. They are present in leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit rinds. Various methods are known for their extraction. In this study, the essential oil of J. mimosifolia was extracted using distillation dragging water vapor, and the antifungal properties of the extracted essential oil were tested.

Malabar-tamarind belongs to the family Clusiaceae, genu Garcinia and species Garcinia gummi-gutta. Common names are in English: Cambodge Tree, Malabar-tamarind; Kannada: Manda huli, Mantulli, Punarpuli, Seeme hunnise, Upagi mara, Aradala, Aradaala; Malayalam: Gorakkapuli, Pinar, Kodampuli, Kudapuli, Marapuli, Meenpuli, Perumpuli, Pinampuli; Tamil: Gorakkapuli, Heela, Kottukkappuli, Panampuli; Indiabiodiversity, 2025). Vrukshamlah (Sanskrit); Bilatti-amli (Hindi); Kodakkapuli (Tamil) Punarpuli; Upaagi mara (Kannada); Korakkapuli, Kodampuli, Kudapuli, Kokakkappuli, Marapuli, Meenpuli, Perumpuli, Pinumpuli, Pinar (Malayalam). Foreign Name are in Chinese: Guan-mu, Dutch: Geelihars, English: Malabar tamarind, French: Gamboge, German: Gummiguttbaum. Danish (gummiguttræ); Dutch (geelhars); English (gamboge,brindal berry); French (mangoustanier ducambodge, gomme-gutte); German (gummiguttbaum); Hindi (upage mara, murugana huli); Japanese (garushinia kanbogia); Trade name (camboge tree). Chinese: Guan-mu, Dutch: Geelihars, English: Malabar tamarind, French: Gamboge, German: Gummiguttbaum. Garcinia gummi-gutta is a tropical species of Garcinia native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Common names include Garcinia cambogia (a former scientific name), as well as brindle berry, and Malabar tamarind. The fruit looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color. Although it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on weight loss, there are reports of liver toxicity associated with the Hydroxycut commercial preparation containing the fruit extract, with clinical evidence indicating it has no significant effect on weight loss. Garcinia is the largest genus of the Clusiaceae family comprising nearly 250 species. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) (Syn.: Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.); Common name: Malabar tamarind), is one of the most important members of the Clusiaceae family. It is a small or medium sized tree up to 12 m tall with dark green and shining leaves. The leaves are elliptic obovate, 2-5 inch long and 1-3 inch broad. Fruits are ovoid, 2 inches in diameter, yellow when ripe, with 6-8 grooves; seeds 6-8 surrounded by succulent aril. The aril and the fleshy covering encasing the seed is edible when ripe. The differentiation between male and female trees is known only at the flowering stage which takes approximately 7 to 9 years. G. gummi-gutta is a common species found in the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards to Travancore eastwards. The species has now been introduced elsewhere in the subtropical region of Asia including China, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is a common fruit plant of the Western Ghats, attributed with a wide range of applications ranging from food, medicines and nutraceutics. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta is the major source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA). In addition, secondary metabolites such as xanthones, benzophenones, organic and amino acids were also reported from this plant. The potential beneficial effects include antioxidant, antihelmenthic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiobesity and hyperlipidaemic properties. Reports on the toxicity and observations during clinical trials suggest that G. gummi-gutta is safe for human consumption. The consequences of using Garcinia gummi-gutta, often known as Malabar Tamarind, sustainably while diving into the complex web of genetic variation inside the crop. Botanical and genetic traits of this enigmatic species, revealing the morphological quirks and genetic differences that make it distinct. Examining the range and preferred habitats helps to highlight the ecological niches that are essential to its existence. It delves intently into the complex web of phytochemicals found in various plant parts and explains their range of biological functions. A crucial component of this study is a thorough examination of the techniques used to gauge the genetic diversity of populations of G. gummi-gutta. The assessment of G. gummi-gutta's conservation status indicates that threats to the species’ genetic richness need to be taken seriously and quickly addressed. The difficulties in attaining sustainable use are examined in detail, offering a comprehensive grasp of the nuances related to overexploitation and conservation initiatives.

This report details a 54-year-old female who presented with severe hypertension (170/100 mmHg) and acute dyspnea approximately six weeks after minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. The initial presentation, characterized by significant hypertension and elevated NT-proBNP, mimicked hypertensive heart failure, prompting diuretic administration. However, a bedside echocardiogram confirmed a significant pericardial effusion, leading to emergent pericardiocentesis. Subsequent investigations revealed a large, organized hemopericardium causing cardiac tamponade, despite the atypical hypertensive state. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge posed by cardiac tamponade when it presents with paradoxical hypertension, a phenomenon reported in a notable subset of tamponade cases. It underscores the potential pitfalls of initial management if the underlying tamponade is masked and emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion for pericardial complications even after MICS. Surgical re-exploration for clot evacuation led to a favorable outcome.

Background: This essay explores the treatment of Abigail in Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta and Jessica in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice through the lens of cultural materialism. Both characters are doubly marginalized—by gender and religion—and their portrayals reflect the societal norms of Renaissance England. Methods: Using the framework of cultural materialism, the analysis focuses on historical context, political commitment, and textual analysis. The essay draws on feminist and Marxist perspectives to examine how patriarchal and anti-Semitic ideologies shape the characters’ roles and fates. Results: Abigail’s silence and obedience lead to her demise, while Jessica’s rebellion allows her to escape patriarchal control, though not without consequences. Both characters reveal the contradictions and tensions within the dominant ideologies of their time. Conclusion: The plays subtly critique the patriarchal and anti-Semitic structures of Renaissance society. Through Abigail and Jessica, Marlowe and Shakespeare expose the limitations and dangers of these systems, offering a subversive commentary on gender and religious identity.

Worldwide, the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the elderly has risen in the past decades resulting in a rapidly growing number of older patients starting haemodialysis.(1-2) The elderly have a higher prevalence of comorbidities that increase the burden of dialysis, and a substantially higher mortality rate compared with younger counterparts.(3-4) ESRD is one of major worldwide wellbeing issues. Although most nephrologists acknowledge that iHD is the least desirable modality, 88% of the prevalent ESKD patient population on dialysis use iHD, and only 11% use PD. (5) Its predominance is continuously expanding around the world. In ESRD, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis are basically utilized for renal replacement therapy.(6-7) Aim and Objectivies: Comparative study of age and sex specific distribution amongst patients of hemodialys is and peritoneal dialysis. Materials and Methods: This Comparative Observational study was conducted on diagnosed patients of end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with Department of Nephrology MGM Medical College and Hospital, Chh.Sambhajinagar. The study was done between october 2023 and may 2024. Results and conclusion: In present study majority cases i.e., 31 (44 %) were from age group 21 to 40 years followed by 24 (34 %) cases from 41 to 60 years.> 60years of age 14 cases (20 %).In the present study, male cases were 44 (62.5%) and female cases were 26 (37.5%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.69:1.

Gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) represent two pivotal therapeutic approaches for treating genetic disorders characterized by enzyme deficiencies. While ERT provides symptomatic relief through direct enzyme supplementation, gene therapy aims to address the underlying genetic cause by introducing functional genes into target cells. This review examines the mechanisms, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of both therapeutic modalities, with particular emphasis on their comparative efficacy in treating lysosomal storage disorders, primary immunodeficiencies, and other genetic conditions. As of 2024, 3,900 gene therapy clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing or have been approved worldwide, while 36 gene therapies are approved by the FDA, with an additional 500 in the pipeline and the expectation that 10–20 will be approved annually by 2025.

Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess the reliability and tester competency in measuring selected skinfold thickness among female non-sportsperson, with a specific focus on bilateral (left and right side) comparisons. Methods: A total of 200 female non-sportsperson, aged 18 to 25 years not having a proper sports background, were randomly selected from the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, India. Skinfold thickness was measured for the landmarks including chin, cheek, biceps, triceps, mid-axillary, forearm, subscapular, 10th rib, abdomen, suprailiac, supraspinale, medial thigh, and medial calf, on both the left and right sides of the body. The selected measurement was recorded three times using a Harpenden skinfold caliper by following the standard procedures prescribed by ISAK. The reliability and internal consistency of the measurements were analysed using the Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The findings revealed excellent test-retest reliability and internal consistency across all measured sites on both sides of the body. Pearson’s correlation coefficients exhibitedexcellent correlation between repeated measurements of each skinfold. Cronbach’s alpha values were consistently excellent, indicating strong internal consistency. ANOVA results further supported the statistical reliability of the measurements across three trials. Conclusion: The study concludes excellent reliability and tester competency in regards to bilateral skinfold measurements using standardized procedures. This research contributes a novel approach by applying Pearson’s correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, and ANOVA altogether to assess the reliability of measurement, along with a comprehensive bilateral analysis.

The interrelation between perception and reality has long intrigued philosophers and psychologists alike. This discourse, titled “I looked at the rose and said, ‘Beautiful’, and it became beautiful”, explores the philosophical and psychological underpinnings of how human cognition and language co-construct meaning and beauty. Drawing on phenomenology, constructivism, and positive psychology, this paper examines how subjective perception influences aesthetic experience. Philosophically rooted in the works of Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger, and psychologically supported by the theories of cognitive appraisal (Lazarus, 1991) and self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton, 1948), the study argues that beauty is not a fixed property but a relational construct that emerges from cognitive interpretation and emotional engagement. The role of intentionality in perception is highlighted, underscoring the transformative power of language and awareness in defining and experiencing the world. By bridging philosophical contemplation with psychological empiricism, the paper provides a nuanced understanding of how thought, speech, and consciousness participate in shaping aesthetic reality.

Background: To enhance the reach and quality of primary healthcare in India, the Government has transformed existing Sub-Health Centres and Primary Health Centres into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs), offering twelve comprehensive healthcare service packages. However, limited empirical evidence exists regarding public awareness and utilization of these services, particularly in underserved regions like Varanasi. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and the extent of utilization of expanded healthcare services under AAMs among PM-JAY beneficiaries in the Kashi Vidyapeeth Block of Varanasi district. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using multistage random sampling. Data were collected from 607 respondents through a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were applied to examine awareness and utilization patterns across the twelve service packages. Results: Findings revealed that 72.8% of respondents were aware of AAMs, but only 48.0% were aware of the full range of services provided. Overall service utilization stood at 58.1%, with particularly low uptake in mental health, palliative care, and dental services. No statistically significant association was found between awareness and utilization across all service category. Conclusion: The study highlights a critical gap between awareness and actual utilization of AAM services. To bridge this gap and achieve the goals of Universal Health Coverage, there is an urgent need for targeted community awareness initiatives, enhanced training of frontline health workers, and infrastructural improvements at AAMs.

Limb amputation is a life-changing event that signifies long-term physical, social, psychological, and environmental changes. Various studies have described different indications as the leading cause of amputation in different parts of this country but there is paucity of literature revealing the incidence and pattern of limb amputation in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife especially in the last thirteen years, hence the impetus for this study. Case notes of patients who had undergone limb amputation and hospitalized at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals’ Complex between January 2002 and December 2014 were reviewed and relevant data such as age, sex, occupation, type of amputation, level of amputation, indication for amputation, date of admission, date of discharge, status at the time of discharge, referral for physiotherapy on the ward and physiotherapy treatment on ward were retrieved. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and summarized using descriptive statistics. A total of 132 patients had limb amputation. The prevalence of amputation among all orthopaedic surgeries within the period was 6.4%. The age range of patients who underwent amputation was between 1 month to 90 years with a mean of 39.87 ± 20.82years and a mean duration of hospitalization of 54.12 ± 38.41 days while the mortality rate was 14.4%. The male to female ratio was 2.3:1. Road traffic accident was the most common indication for amputation with 50 (37.9%) cases followed by diabetes with 31.1% cases. Below knee amputation was the most common level of amputation (41.7%). Fifty-nine (44.7%) patients were referred for physiotherapy on the ward although, they were all lower limb amputees. In conclusion, there was a low prevalence of limb amputation in this study with road traffic accident/trauma being a leading cause.

Successful root canal therapy requires a thorough knowledge of root and root canal morphology. Indeed, the major causes of endodontic treatment failure are incorrect canal instrumentation, incomplete canal obturation, and untreated major canals. Although the occurrence of three root canals in maxillary and mandibular premolars is very rare, the clinician must be able to identify it clinically and radiographically to make the necessary changes in his shaping and obturation techniques. We present the endodontic management of a maxillary second premolar with two roots and three seperate canals, which was diagnosed with the aberrant anatomy only after the access preparation. Teeth with extra roots and/or canals pose a challenge in clinical management. Identifying them early is necessary to facilitate appropriate modifications in treatment protocol, armamentarium to be used and plan optimal number of treatment sittings.

Raman spectroscopy has become a pivotal tool in pharmaceutical analysis due to its precision, versatility, and non-destructive capabilities. It provides critical insights into the structural, polymorphic, and electronic properties of pharmaceutical compounds, essential for all stages of drug development, from raw material testing to quality control. Advancements like Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and hyper spectral imaging have overcome challenges such as low sensitivity and fluorescence interference, expanding its use in complex analyses. Once underutilized in drug characterization, Raman spectroscopy is now a key technique in the pharmaceutical industry, offering non-invasive, quantitative analysis of drug content, polymorph identification, and formulation assessment. When combined with other methods like infrared spectroscopy, Raman enhances analytical power, offering faster data acquisition and higher specificity. This review explores the principles, recent innovations, and diverse applications of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical sciences, highlighting its role in revolutionizing drug development and quality control to create safer, more effective therapeutic solutions.

have become interested as a result of the several committees' recommendations to raise the budgetary allocation for education to 6% of the GDP over time. This research seeks to describe the issues and priorities of NEP 2020. Data has been collected from the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) website, the information (policy documents) was being used to analyse the data. The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is formulated to revamp education system and lay down road map for new India. It was approved by Indian cabinet on 29th July 2020. This paper is a maiden attempt to highlight NEP 2020 and study India 2.0 vision towards overall transformation education system to meet the challenges of 21st Century. This study is based on secondary data and exploratory in nature. Findings are based on a systematic review of existing literature. It was found that one of the main objectives of NEP 2020 is to increase student’s enrollment in all educational institutions such as elementary school, professional and higher education by 2030. To achieve that it has suggested progressive reform in the existing education and governance systems. NEP 2020 is largely a very progressive document, with a firm grasp on the current socio-economic landscape and the prospect to meet future challenges. If implemented properly; then it has got everything to make India global hub in education by 2030.

Biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and chemical conversion in-vivo to release the pharmacologically active parent drug. The prodrug design is the best approach and enhancing drug selectivity while minimising toxicity. Prodrug as a novel approach for lipophilicity, solubility, permeability and drug targeting that affect drug delivery system. The design and development of prodrugs is the most common and the effective strategy to overcome pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drawbacks of active drugs . It is estimated that about 10% of drugs approved world wide can be classified as prodrug. This article include introduction rationale approach, strategy drug design of prodrug, functional groups utilised for drug design, classification of prodrug, requirements of prodrug design for targeted drug delivery system and recent advancement of prodrug and conclusion.

Background: Pediatric nutritional dermatitis is often underdiagnosed in resource-limited settings, where poor dietary intake and parasitic infections are prevalent. Case Presentation: We report a 7-year-old female child with generalized dry rashes, pruritus, and poor weight gain. Examination revealed scaly eczematous lesions and undernutrition. Management: Treatment included a short steroid course, antihistamines, multivitamins, an appetite stimulant, moisturizers, and deworming. Conclusion: Addressing nutritional and parasitic causes in children with dermatological symptoms yields significant clinical improvement. Integration of dermatology, nutrition, and public health is crucial for outcome optimization.

Statistics & data technology is the lock opener gamers of the facts age. The facts age has ushered in a expertise-primarily based rebellion. The companies on this age are networked & use IT to preserve, dilate & succeed in relatively adversarial surroundings. True continuance development of recent products, manufacturing & manufacturing executive’s countenance reconstruction in digital information interchange, in supply chain management & incorporated logistics, finance executives appreciate elaboration in electronic forex, digital payments and so on. New technologies provide new options for decreasing prices, restructuring running property, streamlining operations & redefining their Human aid improvement approach factor of convergence. Contemporary commercial enterprise & industry have matured at an impressive top chamber because of new generation to lessen charges with the aid of improving productivity, peculiarity & profitability. In this paper i mentioned how the facts generation allows extra paraphernalia for Human useful resource improvement of any commercial enterprise establishment.

Le projet « Approche inclusive et intégrative d’élèves handicapés par l'agriculture urbaine et le micro jardinage au Sénégal » vise à instaurer un environnement éducatif inclusif et stimulant pour les élèves en situation de handicap. En mobilisant l’agriculture urbaine et le micro jardinage comme outils pédagogiques, cette initiative adopte une approche holistique de l’inclusion en reconnaissant la singularité des besoins de chaque élève et en proposant des solutions adaptées. L’objectif général est d’étudier l’impact de ces pratiques sur l’inclusion et l’intégration scolaire des élèves handicapés. Pour ce faire, une enquête a été réalisée auprès de 89 élèves de l’École Inclusive Le Petit Prince de Handiscole, ainsi que de leurs parents et enseignants. Les résultats démontrent que cette démarche renforce les compétences en durabilité environnementale et favorise l’intégration sociale ainsi que l’autonomie des élèves. Les espaces de jardinage urbain permettent le développement de compétences pratiques et une meilleure sensibilisation à l’environnement, tout en stimulant l’engagement dans le processus éducatif.

Ce travail retrace pour la première fois la présence de l’homme pendant la période mi- holocène dans le bassin Francevillien et précisément dans le sous bassin d’Okondja. Neuf (9) empreintes de dimensions pluri-centimétriques, observées sur des faces supérieures de blocs rocheux datés du Francevillien D (2 Ga), ont été décrites sur le site d’Oyabi dans le sous bassin d’Okondja au Sud-est du Gabon. Les analyses montrent que: (1) les blocs sur lesquelles sont inscrites ces empreintes, de masse considérable et bien encastrés sur le substrat, sont en place originelle et que le site est authentique; (2) les traces de ce type sont des cuvettes indiquant la partie active du polissoir, elles seraient le fruit du polissage d’outils et de l’affûtage des tranchants selon une certaine «standardisation» des méthodes de travail. Ces empreintes, identiques à celles observées dans le Sénonais du Bassin parisien, caractérisent la période Holocène et notamment du Néolithique. Elles marquent pour la première fois la présence de l’Homme avec des caractères industrieux les plus anciens au Gabon.

Farmers who are cultivating vegetables, they are using maximum numbers and amount of pesticides compared to cereal crops per unit area. Plant protection is an exercise basically followed in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. For proper application of pesticides –there are specific recommendations. Due to lack of awareness of farmers regarding those recommendations, they are using pesticides deviating its proper processes and considerations. As a result, they are facing health related problems. Keeping all these in view the present study was designed with objective to know the health hazards caused by chemical pesticides use by the vegetable growers.The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study and Chakdah community development block of Kalyani sub division was randomly selected for the study. Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats of Chakdah community development block. Three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur was selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field. In the present study, health hazards faced by the vegetable growers regarding the use of chemical pesticides were calculated. From the study it was observed that 48.03% and 51.47% respondents did not face any health issues during and after chemical pesticide application respectively. The main issues faced while applying pesticide were skin irritation (10.29%), eye irritation (13.23%), headache (9.31%) etc. and the issues faced after application of chemical pesticides include weakness (21.07%), vomiting (9.80%), skin irritation (7.84%) etc. To avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides, regulations regarding the use or pesticides and proper verification of the procedure should be carried out. Creation of awareness on the basis of family based training, sensitization through value and ethics based capacity building and utilization of religious and community leaders in this regard may be useful to overcome the issue. Various health hazards faced by the vegetables growers during and after application of the chemical pesticides were recorded. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective and steps should be taken to change the perception of the vegetable growers regarding the use of the safety measures.