Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 12; December, 2025

Life Sciences

Influences of climatic conditions and erosion on the stability of drinking water supply pipelines in central Africa: The case of Kinshasa

Alassane TOURE*, Dr. Sory DIALLO, Dr. Kadaouye DAMBA, Adjaratou TRAORE and Dr. Mahamadou Alassane

ABSTRACT:
This article analyzes the impact of current climatic conditions and erosion processes on the stability and performance of Drinking Water Supply (DWS) pipelines in Kinshasa. In a context well known across coastal countries and particularly in the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, we propose a vulnerability assessment protocol, technical and nature-based adaptation measures, and a monitoring model tailored to local constraints. The findings highlight the need to integrate coastal management strategies and targeted engineering protections to significantly reduce the risk of pipeline rupture and repeated exposure of the DWS networks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49834.12.2025
Urban sprawl and urban expansion using shannon’s entropy and its impact on changing climate: a case study of kannur city, Kannur

Sreerama Naik, S.R. and Feba Jose Jasmine

ABSTRACT:
This study conducts an urban sprawl in the urban area of Kannur city, Kannur, Kerala, over the years 2016 and 2024. The primary objective is to assess the extent and pattern of urban growth in these rapidly expanding urban areas. The analysis is based on land use and built-up area changes, utilising key indices such as Shannon’s Entropy and the Landscape Expansion Index (LEI). Satellite imagery and GIS tools were utilised to extract land-use/land-cover data, and statistical methods were employed to assess the degree of urban sprawl. Shannon’s Entropy is used to quantify urban sprawl by measuring the distribution of built-up areas, while the LEI assess the expansion of urbanisation and the proportion of urban land relative to the total area. The findings reveal varying degrees of urban sprawl in urban areas of Kannur, particularly in peripheral regions, driven by socio-economic factors and infrastructural developments. Also exhibits significant sprawl, largely concentrated in residential areas. The study underscores the importance of spatial planning and sustainable land management to mitigate the negative consequences of unplanned urbanisation. This research contributes valuable insights into regional disparities in urbanisation patterns and offers a framework for future urban planning efforts.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49905.12.2025
Effet de l’environnement sur la croissance et la productivité des tubercules de sept (7) variétés de patate douce [ipomoea batatas (l.) lam] à chair orange au Niger.

IDI SAIDOU Sani, ABDOUL HABOU Zakari, ADAMOU IBRAHIM Maman Laouali, KAMPADINI DIERGOU Tiabri, MAHAMANE OUSSEINI Jafarou, AGALI ALASSANE Goumar, BARAGE Moussa and Yacoubou BAKASSO

ABSTRACT:
The degradation of natural ecosystems (decline in soil fertility, regression of plant resources, desertification) poses real problems for farmers, especially for activities related to agriculture. Notwithstanding that rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations are becoming increasingly unpredictable, the productivity of cultivated species must take into account the influence of the environment. However, identifying high-performing cuttings or cultivars for most crop improvement programs requires prior evaluation and characterization of their variability across a wide range of environmental conditions. The aims of this study is to evaluate the tuber productivity of seven orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties in three agro-ecological different sites (Bengou, Lougga tabla and Tahoua) in Niger. For this, a factorial block design with total randomization and three replications was implemented at the trial sites during the 2021 and 2022 rainy seasons. Two factors were investigated. The factor (variety) had seven (7) levels (var1 to var7), and the factor (site) had three (3) levels (S1, S2, and S3). The collected data were analyzed using Minitab.v18 and Rv4.3.1 softwares. Analysis of variance with effect of varieties and/or sites, and comparison of average performance of varieties through Fisher's test showed significant differences on the variables studied. The most productive varieties in terms of tuber yield were the BF59XCIP-4 variety, followed by TIO-JOE, AMELIA, CECILIA and APOMUDEN in the different trial sites. The lowest tuber yields were recorded with the varieties ININDA and SUMAIA. The variability is mainly attributable to differences in soil type and climatic conditions at the sites. The estimation of genetic parameters also highlighted a strong influence of environmental factors on trait expression, resulting in significant differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation. Opportunities for varietal improvement can also be considered once the needs of producers and consumers are clearly identified, and varieties can be developed using the revolutionary genome editing technique (CRISPR-Cas9).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49894.12.2025
Performance of dmmp sensing using silver-modified zeolite/polypyrrole composite materials

Ramkumar singh Dandolia, Arvind Dandotia, S.S. Tomar and Radha Tomar

ABSTRACT:
We present the hydrothermal synthesis of Linde Type L zeolite and the preparation of its composite through chemical polymerization for gas-sensing applications. The main objective of this work is to improve the sensing performance of the zeolite-based nano-composite. The resulting materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD patterns confirmed the high crystallinity of the zeolite and Ag-modified zeolite, while the broad peaks observed for polypyrrole indicated its amorphous nature. SEM images revealed that incorporating polypyrrole into the zeolite matrix altered the morphology, shifting from a rectangular structure to more spherical features. This modification reduced particle size and increased the surface area, contributing to enhanced sensing capability. The gas-sensing performance of the composite toward DMMP was evaluated using copper electrodes coated with the material through a drop-casting approach. Key sensing parameters—including response and recovery times, sensitivity, and selectivity—were systematically examined. Overall, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent sensing performance across various concentrations of DMMP vapors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49889.12.2025
Changing urban growth: impact on the people of baidyabati, hooghly

Dr. Asmita Mukherjee

ABSTRACT:
This study examines the processes of urbanization in Baidyabati Municipality, with a specific focus on Wards 9 and 17, from the years 2001 to 2024. Located in the rapidly urbanized Hooghly district of West Bengal, Baidyabati has experienced substantial land use changes and infrastructure growth over the last twenty years. The research seeks to analyse trends in land use alterations, housing development, infrastructure availability, and access to urban facilities, utilizing both spatial and socio-economic data. With the help of Q GIS land use land cover changes has been depicted from 2001 to 2024.To justify this geospatial assessment, a primary household survey has been conducted to 100 participants—50 each from Ward no 9 and 17, ensuring gender balance. The survey results offer valuable insights in to housing conditions, service provision (water, sanitation, and waste management), mobility trends, and residents’ views on infrastructure availability developed after urban growth. Initial findings demonstrate significant positive changes in developed areas, transformation of agricultural land, and a gradual enhancement of roads and drainage systems. Nevertheless, disparities can be seen regarding infrastructure development between ward no 17 and ward no 9. Socio-economic condition of residents are also influencing livelihoods and living conditions. This research adds to the understanding of localized urbanization trends in smaller towns and medium-sized cities of India. It underscores the necessity towards specific planning and participatory governance to tackle uneven development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49887.12.2025
Enrichment of socio-economic conditions of the farmers through agricultural development under amrit kaal

Dr. Arunachalam, P.

ABSTRACT:
One of the Four core chronicle problems faced by India right from India’s independence identified by the present government is socio economic development of farmers. Other three chronicle problems are poverty, youth development/skill development among youth and socio economic emowermet of women. Without farmers development India can not claim the status of Viksit Bharat@2047. Thugh India made green revolution in the fourth five year plan itself, the farmers are not the beneficiaries of agriculture development. Two thirds of the profit is taken over by the middle men. Lack of storage facilies, lack of institutional financial facilities for tenents, lack of marketing facilities both within and outside India, lack of transport facilities about thirty per cent of the vegitables and fruits are wasted in India. So the present government wanted to put an end to this problem and decided to ensure a fair price for agricultural products and bring the farmers from the vicious circle of poverty and discomfort. The farmers constitute about 44 per cent of the 1447 million. It is not a small per centage. If the economic conditions of these farmers improved it will solve poverty, women empowerment, lage scale migration of the youngsters and youth development. This paper discussed all these issues with the intention of making policies to uplift the farmers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49884.12.2025
Hepatotoxicity converging perspectives of ayurveda and biomedicine

Dr. Lavanya Lakshmi, K.J. M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Alaekhya, P.L., M.D. and Dr. Prasad, P.V.N.R. M.D., Ph.D.

ABSTRACT:
Hepatotoxicity refers to structural or functional injury to the liver arising from exposure to natural toxins, metabolic by-products, or infectious agents. From a biomedical standpoint, hepatotoxicity is driven by mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune-mediated injury, and disruption of bile transport pathways and further identifies patterns of injury—hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed—based on enzyme profiles. Drugs, alcohol, industrial chemicals, and natural toxins are key contributors to toxic liver injury in clinical practice. Ayurveda describes a remarkably parallel conceptual framework. Hepatotoxicity aligns broadly with Yakrit-Vikara arising from Pitta, Rakta, and Ama vitiation, where toxic or improperly metabolized substances impair the liver’s transformative and detoxifying capacities. The ingestion of Ahita (unwholesome foods), Dushi-varga dravyas (chronic low-grade toxins), contaminated food, and virulent biological agents correspond closely to the modern idea of hepatocellular insults. Classical texts further describe Yakrit Dushti arising from metabolic burden, mirroring modern concepts of lipotoxicity and Fatty Liver disease. Thus, both systems recognize the Liver as a central organ of metabolism and toxin clearance, and both attribute hepatic injury to overload, impaired transformation, and toxic accumulation—offering converging explanatory models and complementary strategies for prevention, early recognition, and management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49868.12.2025

Physical Sciences and Engineering

Analysis of the hydrological regime of the konkouré river in the republic of guinea: implications for water resources management

Nènè Aïssata BALDE, Yacouba CAMARA, Abdourahmane DIALLO, Amadou Lamarana BAH, Oumar KEITA and Ansoumane SAKOUVOGUI

ABSTRACT:
Effective water resource management is a major challenge for sustainable development and population well-being in the Republic of Guinea. In this context, the present study provides and in-depth analysis of the hydrological regime of the Konkouré River, one of the country’s main watercourses. Based on a comprehensive set of observational data and modern hydrological modeling techniques, we examine the evolution of rainfall, river discharge, and water levels over a representative period. These results reveal pronounced seasonal and interannual trends in the hydrological regime of the Konkouré River. The main sources of variability identified include seasonal precipitation patterns, the natural variability of river discharge, as well as anthropogenic influences such as irrigation and dam operations. These results reveal pronounced seasonal and interannual trends in the hydrological regime of the Konkouré River. The main sources of variability identified include seasonal precipitation patterns, the natural variability of river discharge, as well as anthropogenic influences such as irrigation and dam operations. The study also assesses the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrological behavior of the river, particularly in terms of flood and drought risks. This in-depth analysis of the hydrological regime of the konkouré river provides valuable insights for the integrated management of water resources in the region. The findings offer scientific support to decision-makers for the development of rational water management strategies, the reduction of hydrological risks, and the promotion of the socio-economic development of riparian communities. This study highlights the importance of regional and subregional cooperation in the management of transboundary river basins, in order to ensure long-term water and environmental security in the Republic of Guinea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49912.12.2025
Caractérisation des marchés à bétail de bakin birgi et n’guel kolo à l’est du Niger

Oumarou Haladou Issoufou, Haladou Abdou et Soumana Boubacar

ABSTRACT:
Au Niger, les marchés à bétail sont au centre de la promotion et du développement de la chaine de valeur bétail. L’objectif de la présente étude est de caractériser les marchés à bétail de N’Guel Kolo (Diffa) et Bakin Birgi (Zinder) à l’Est du Niger notamment en termes d’offre, de demande, de prixet des contraintes d’acteurs. L’échantillonnage par quota a permis d’enquêter 171 acteurs dont 84 commerçants, 54 éleveurs et 33 bouchers. L’analyse des données s’est basée sur des statistiques descriptives et des tests de comparaison de moyennes (Khi2) au seuil de 5%. Les résultats révèlent que les petits ruminants sont plus commercialisés (54%) comparés aux gros ruminants (46%). En termes d’offre le jour du marché, les commerçants de N’Geul Kolo présentent un nombre plus important (16,44) de caprins comparés à ceux de Bakin Birgi (14,36). Pour ce qui est d’ovins, les quantités offertes par les commerçants sont presque égales pour les 2 marchés d’étude (14 têtes). Les commerçants de Bakin Birgi offrent plus de bovins (13,59) comparés à ceux de N’Guel Kollo (11,47). En termes de prix, les animaux sont plus chers à N’Guel Kolo qu’à Bakin Birgi. Le choix des animaux se fait sur la base des critères importants. Les acteurs de marché font face à de nombreuses contraintes administratives, sécuritaires et économiques. Ces résultats peuvent servir d’outils d’aide à la décision pour les actions de développement des marchés à bétail au Niger et ailleurs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49936.12.2025
Role of psycap in educational management

Moumita Karmakar and Samirranjan Adhikari

ABSTRACT:
Psychological Capital (PsyCap),defined by hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, has emerged as a significant resource in positive psychology influencing organisational behaviour, performance, and wellbeing. Within educational management, PsyCap is increasingly recognised as a critical determinant of leadership effectiveness, teacher professional development, student management, and overall institutional success. This paper explores the conceptual foundations of PsyCap, its relevance to educational administrators, teachers, and students, and its role in driving institutional climate, instructional quality, and organisational change. Recommendations for integrating PsyCap in educational leadership practices and professional training are also provided.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49883.12.2025
Numerical analysis of modified gingerbreadman map and itssynchronization in a multiplex network

Ahamat Mahamat Hassane, Guy Bertrand Mbou Soh, Hassan Abdoulaye Abakar and Yaya Dagal Dari

ABSTRACT:
Gingerbreadman maps are two-dimensional mathematical model in dynamical systems that depicts chaotic behavior and has the ability to generate complex patterns when iterated. The numerical analysis of a modified Gingerbreadman map and its synchronization in a multiplex network is presented in this paper. A thorough numerical analysis of this model reveals a rich transition between periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic regimes. The domain of synchronization is probed by designing a three-layer network of 200 chaotic modified Gingerbreadman maps. The numerical analysis of this domain through interlayer coupling force reveals the layers to be desynchronous or synchronous state. The inherent unpredictability of this model renders it a promising candidate for cryptographic applications, particularly in the generation of robust pseudo-random numbers. These numbers exhibit exceptional resistance to attack, thereby enhancing the security of scientific data, as well as facilitating secure communication, leading to economic development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49867.12.2025
Impacts of bulk viscosity on ricci dark energy in a coupled matter–geometry f (r, t) modified gravity model

Ahloui, K. F., Yakouba, T., Salako, I. G., Baffou, E. H., Mavoa, F., Segning, H. and Traor´e, M. M.

ABSTRACT:
In this paper, this paper, the Ricci dark energy (RDE) model associated with bulk viscosity is studied within the framework of f(R, T) gravity in order to describe the accelerated cosmic expansion of the Universe. Assuming that the cosmological evolution of the universe is governed by the RDE model which possesses bulk viscosity, we derive the modified Friedmann equations for a flat universe from f(R, T) gravity. For a specific form of f(R, T) = (ζ + ητT)R, model and the bulk viscosity coefficient of the form ξ = ξ0 + ξ1H, we derive some cosmological parameters, such as the Hubble parameter, the deceleration parameter, the effective equation of state (EoS), the statefinder parameters, and the Om

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49862.12.2025
Urban governance and public transport management in greater lomé

Abelim PASSOLI and Coffi AHOLOU

ABSTRACT:
Urban governance and public transport management in Greater Lomé face significant challenges due to incomplete decentralization and institutional fragmentation. The inefficiency of the transport system stems from a lack of coordination between public and private stakeholders, overlapping responsibilities, and the absence of an integrated strategic vision. This study employs a methodological approach combining document analysis, semi-structured interviews with sector stakeholders, and field observations. The aim is to examine institutional practices, the conditions under which transport infrastructure operates, and the urban governance challenges involved. The findings show that, despite legislative progress, transport governance remains hindered by a lack of resources, organizational weaknesses, and ineffective institutional coordination. The focus on road infrastructure comes at the expense of soft mobility and multimodal solutions, thereby limiting the transition to sustainable mobility. Drawing inspiration from international experiences, the study recommends strengthening inter-institutional coordination, introducing innovative financial mechanisms, and integrating sustainable mobility into strategic plans. This article highlights the urgency of structural reform in transport governance in Lomé. It proposes an integrated and pragmatic approach to enhance the efficiency of the urban transport system and address the growing needs of the population while promoting inclusive and sustainable mobility.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49856.12.2025
Artificial intelligence integration and student engagement in a technology-driven platform in education

He Chunyan

ABSTRACT:
This study investigated how integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) influences student engagement in a technology-driven learning environment at Zhoukou Normal University. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from 400 students selected through stratified random sampling. AI integration was examined through personalization, feedback, accessibility, interaction, and infrastructure, while engagement was assessed through motivation, participation, performance, self-regulation, and collaboration. Findings revealed significant differences in engagement across age, year level, field of study, experience, and access, indicating that engagement varies according to students’ backgrounds and learning conditions. Differences in AI integration assessments also emerged, particularly in feedback, interaction, and technological support. A significant positive relationship was found between AI integration and engagement, confirming that well-implemented AI features enhance students’ learning involvement. The study highlights the need for equitable access, strengthened AI design, and targeted support to optimize AI-driven learning.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49845.12.2025

Health Sciences

Comparison of maxillary dentoalveolar dimensions in patients with vertical and horizontal growth pattern in maxillary canine impaction

Adarsh AAcharya, Sunil Kumar, M., Mansi M Melagiri and Raghavendra R Varvatte

ABSTRACT:
Maxillary canine impaction, affecting 1–3% of the population, poses both functional and esthetic challenges in orthodontics. Skeletal growth patterns and dentoalveolar dimensions are critical factors influencing its occurrence. This study aimed to evaluate and compare maxillary dentoalveolar characteristics in patients with vertical and horizontal growth patterns using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed on CBCT scans of 30 patients, equally divided into vertical and horizontal growth types, classified using Steiner’s SN-GoGn angle. Measurements included inter-canine width (ICW), inter-molar width (IMW), arch length (AL), and arch perimeter (AP). Results revealed that patients with vertical growth patterns had significantly narrower transverse dimensions (ICW: 26.79 ± 3.89 mm; IMW: 48.61 ± 1.88 mm) compared to those with horizontal patterns (ICW: 31.34 ± 1.43 mm; IMW: 55.49 ± 2.59 mm; p < 0.001). Arch length was greater in the vertical group (26.44 ± 1.59 mm) than in the horizontal group (23.90 ± 1.31 mm), with no significant difference in arch perimeter. Basal measurements also showed notable variation (p ≤ 0.03). These findings suggest that vertical growth patterns are linked with constricted maxillary arches, increasing the risk of canine impaction. Early identification via CBCT and timely interceptive measures, such as dentoalveolar expansion, are advisable for effective management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49922.12.2025
Transnational religious mobility and reconfiguration of the ivorian muslim associative field in france: a look at the religious practices of ivorians in ile-de-france

Konan Vincent KONAN and Diarra Krikou

ABSTRACT:
L’effervescence associative dans la communauté Ivoirienne en Ile-de-France va mettre en saillance des déplacements géographiques des acteurs et des courants religieux, impliquant ainsi une mobilité́ des pratiques et des symboles religieux entre la Côte d’Ivoire et la France. Ces mobilités religieuses transnationales induisent des enjeux sociaux qui participent de la reconfiguration du champ associatif musulman ivoirien en France en intégrant à juste titre de nouveaux acteurs transnationaux : les leaders religieux ‘’locaux’’. Ce qui n’est pas sans conséquences dans la construction des rapports sociaux dans le champ associatif musulman des immigrés Ivoirien en région francilienne. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les enjeux qui participent de de la conquête de l’espace francilien par ces leaders religieux locaux – venant de Côte d’Ivoire – mais également les rapports sociaux concrets (conflictualités, collaborations etc.) entre les associations musulmanes des Ivoiriens en France.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49916.12.2025
Stress, coping ability and associated factors towards intimate partner violence among women

Shiny Mary, D. and Reena Evency, A.

ABSTRACT:
The study aimed to assess the stress, coping and associated factors towards intimate partner violence among women. A quantitative research approach with non-experimental descriptive research design was adopted. 30 participants were selected using non probability convenient sampling method. Among 30 Women, 10 (33.33%) had mild stress, 6 (20%) had moderate stress and 14 (47%) had severe stress. Also 30, 16 (53.33%) had good coping ability.All 30 (100%) women had associated factors towards intimate partner violence among women were assessed and all (30) women had presence of all factors. Anti-violence strategies was demonstrated to all the women who had intimate partner violence.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49914.12.2025
Assessment of knowledge towards postnatal care among nursing students

Ranjitha, S.

ABSTRACT:
Background: Postnatal care is a critical component of maternal and new-born health. Nursing students must have adequate knowledge to deliver high-quality care to postnatal mothers. Identifying knowledge aids in planning targeted educational interventions. Aim: To assess the knowledge of nursing students towards postnatal care and to explore associated demographic factors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nursing students using a structured knowledge questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: This study is expected to reveal different levels of knowledge among nursing students. Associations between knowledge scores and demographic variables such as age, year of study, and clinical exposure may be identified. The data was analysed and conclusion was done. The present study concluded that knowledge assessment regarding postnatal care among the students shows that 51% of had moderately and 25% had adequate knowledge.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49902.12.2025
A review on clinical management and rural risk factors of honey bee sting

Utpal S. Patel, Priti D. Vihol, Jaynudin H. Khorajiya and Vaishnavi S. Patel

ABSTRACT:
Honey bees are typically non-aggressive, but when threatened, they act as a highly coordinated defence force. The biological basis of bee aggression, evaluation of the vulnerability of small ruminants to such attacks and practical measures to prevent similar episodes are necessary to discuss. Bees play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance through pollination, their defensive behaviour can pose serious risks when provoked. Aggressive behaviour of honey bee is more pronounced during warm weather and blooming seasons, when hive activity is at its highest. Surprising and alarming incident occurred near Amreli, Gujarat, India where a swarm of honey bees attacked a flock of grazing sheep and goats. The incident has brought renewed attention to the need for coexistence between wildlife and livestock in rural India. Various species of honey bees can be seen in India such as Apis mellifera ligustica, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata etc. Hypersensitivity reactions, visible stingers, haematological and biochemical parameters are used for diagnosis following honey bee sting. Various types of treatments such as epinephrine injection, NSAIDs etc. can be used for honey bee stings. Prevention and care for honey bee sting by avoiding bee habitats, wear protective clothing etc. are necessary. USDA gave the guidelines on coexisting with bees. In conclusion, Human should aim to understand and respect presence of honey bees and improve coexistence. There should be more research work to understand honey bee behaviour and sting effects on animal as well as human body.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49853.12.2025

Social Sciences and Humanities

Reexamination of fire outbreak and its consequences on real properties in onitsha megapolise, remedy and key forward (real estate perspective)

Emenike Kingsley Chikwuado

ABSTRACT:
The most critical urban disaster facing developing country is fire outbreak; this menace can be natural or manmade in any case, the end product of fire spread is usually devastating to both real property occupier and owner. This study focused on reexamination on fire outbreak and its effect on realproperty in Onitsha megapolise. Within the last decade urban fire spread has been reoccurring at a tragic rate in the study area; identifying the cause and coming up with best approach for preventing this occurrence was the motivation behind the study. This study reviewed other related literatures as to carve out its niche and consolidate the researchers’philosophy. Data generated for this study was achieved through the consultation of related academic materials and well-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzedusing SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel, presentation was simplified to the minutest form in other to carry the general audience along considering the nature of the research and its impact to the study area. Recommendation was gearing towards the best approach in mitigating fire outbreak not only to the study area but to southeast geopolitical zone and Nigeria at large. The study also emphasize on the need for government to revamp existing firestation by equipping them with latest fire service facilities. Related professional bodies should lead a sensitization campaigns so as to inform the public on measures of bringing fire outbreak to a check.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48922.12.2025