Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 05; May 2025

Les Aires Communautaires de Conservation de la Biodiversité (ACCB) sont des espaces protégés abritant une grande variété d’espèces végétales, dont certaines sont endémiques ou menacées, contribuant ainsi à l’équilibre écologique et aux services écosystémiques. La présente étude vise à analyser la diversité floristique des ACCB de la Réserve Transfrontalière de la Biosphère du Mono. L’approche phytosociologique stigmatiste de Braun-Blanquet (1932) a été adoptée à travers l’installation de 200 placeaux circulaires de 1018 m² à l’intérieur desquels les données dendrométriques ont été collectées. L’ensemble des données collectées ont été traitées puis transformées en figures et tableau à l’aide du tableur Excel version 2013. Au total, 58 espèces ligneuses réparties en 53 genres et 29 familles ont été inventoriées dont les plus représentées sont les Leguminoseae (16,67 %). La plus forte valeur de l’indice de diversité est de 1,98 ± 0,52 bit. Elle est observée dans la forêt de Naglanou qui détient également la densité la plus élevée des arbres (184 ± 78 arbres/ha) et plus faible dans la zone de transition (104 ± 96 arbres/ha) où l’anthropisation est de plus en plus prononcée. La structure en classes de circonférence des ligneux dans les différents secteurs présente des paramètres de forme « c », de la distribution weibull (1 < c < 3,6), qui caractéristique des peuplements monospécifiques où prédominent les individus jeunes et de faibles circonférences. Face à ces résultats, il urge d’impliquer d’avantage les communautés locales dans la gestion durable des ressources floristiques.

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with breast cancer being the most prevalent type of cancer among women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably. Anxiety and depression are common psychological responses among breast cancer patients, which can significantly impact their quality of life (QoL). This study aims to evaluate the anxiety and quality of life in breast cancer patients and explore the effectiveness of deep breathing exercise in alleviating anxiety and improving QoL. Methods: A review of the literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate, and CINHAL. The search utilized MeSH terms including "Breast Cancer," "Anxiety," "Quality of Life," and " Deep breathing exercise." A total of 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this narrative review. Results: The majority of studies reported a high prevalence of anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients, which negatively affects their quality of life. Several studies highlighted the positive impact of complementary therapies, including deep breathing exercise, in improving psychological well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among these patients. Conclusion: Deep breathing exercise is a simple and effective therapy that can help reduce anxiety in breast cancer patients. Combined interventions using deep breathing exercise and other complementary therapies may further enhance the psychological and physical health of patients.

Context: Today in an era of advanced science and technology, the 21st century , despite the fact that prevention through vaccinations and immunization have greatly enhanced physical health, medical innovations have not adequately addressed the rising issues surrounding Mental health. Suppression – whether Emotional, Psychological, or Societal – are still common and frequently disregarded in the hurry for physical health. In the quickly challenging field of contemporary science, true health required a balanced approach that incorporates both physical and mental care. Aim: The study aims to explore the various factors affecting mental health in different individual, with a specific emphasis on consequences of the Emotional suppression and to examine the relation between Mental health and Suppression through individualized homeopathic management. Research Design: This was an observational retrospective study which was done in my private clinic. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out for 4 years and it includes 300 patients. Pregnant women and patients on concurrent suppressive treatment throughout the duration of Homeopathic treatment were excluded from the study. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis of the descriptive data was done by numbers and percentages according to different categories. Result: There were 300 cases during entire study which was chronic in nature and a majority of the patients (115) were belongs to the Age group between 31 - 40 years. 97 patients were Males and 203 patients were Females. The results of treatment out of 300 cases, Significant improvement in 177 cases, Moderate improvement in 80 cases, Status quo in 18 cases and patient left the treatment in 25 cases. Conclusion: In this study, Homeopathy offers a holistic and individualized approach to mental health. By treating the root causes rather than just symptoms, it helps transform suppressed emotions into balanced expression, supporting true mental well-being and inner harmony.

Shalya tantra is one of the most significant and essential subspecialties of Ayurveda, which includes a range of surgical and non-surgical treatments. The most common of these parasurgical techniques is Agnikarma, often known as heat cauterization/ intentional heat burn/ therapeutic burns. It refers to the direct or indirect application of heat to a body part using various materials in order to prevent or treat an illness. It is a powerful and minimally invasive parasurgical technique with several uses in both emergency care and chronic illnesses. Agnikarma has been given a special place in surgery by Acharya Sushruta, and the disease cured by Agnikarma never recurs1. Clinically, it is considered as a prime para- surgical procedure, and it provides relief in certain diseases that are not cured by herbal medicine, surgical interventions, and alkaline cauterization. Acharya prescribe various materials for cauterizing specific body parts, taking into account the heat retention and transmission capacities of these substances. Agnikarma is most frequently used to treat neurogenic pain, tendinopathies, and conditions affecting the skin, veins, ligaments, bones, or joints when pain is a determining factor. The therapeutic, preventative, and hemostatic qualities of Agnikarma were recognized million years ago.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of heart failure (HF) development, morbidity, and mortality. Mechanisms include altered myocardial substrates, mitochondrial bioenergetics, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and signaling pathway changes. Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, have shown cardiovascular benefits. Trials like DAPA-HF and EMPEROR demonstrated reductions in cardiovascular death and HF hospitalizations, but effects on diabetic versus non-diabetic HF patients remain unexplored. This is a prospective comparative cohort study was conducted from September 2022 to December 2023 at Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, involving 130 HF patients. The mean age was 65.35 ± 10.66 years for diabetics and 60.89 ± 7.86 years for non-diabetics. Patients were divided into two groups based on diabetic status and received dapagliflozin 10mg. Baseline characteristics included mean BMI (29.77±5.8 for diabetics, 29.90±5.9 for non-diabetics) and mean LVEF (40.40 ± 8.09 for diabetics, 44.67 ± 3.49 for non-diabetics). The primary outcome, a composite of HF hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and mortality, was assessed over 12 months. Hospitalization rates decreased from 2.43±1.29 to 0.50±0.81 in diabetics and from 2.06±1.01 to 0.47±0.72 in non-diabetics. Dapagliflozin showed similar cardiovascular outcomes in both diabetic and non-diabetic HF patients, significantly reducing HF hospitalizations and improving cardiac function, regardless of ejection fraction. Adverse effects were minimal. The findings suggest dapagliflozin's potential in enhancing myocardial function and prognosis in HF, beyond glucose control. Further research is needed to explore its use in acute HF decompensation scenarios.

Bioactive dental materials are increasingly utilized in restorative dentistry because they interact beneficially with biological tissues. These materials, including bioceramics, calcium phosphates, and bioactive glasses, exhibit biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to promote tissue regeneration. The FDI Policy Statement emphasizes that bioactive materials should have local, intended, and non-toxic effects without compromising their primary function of dental tissue replacement. Recent systematic reviews and studies have explored the bioactivity of various restorative materials, including resin composites and resin cements, which often incorporate additives like bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite. These materials can induce hydroxyapatite formation, release therapeutic ions, and promote remineralization at the dentin-material interface. Calcium silicate-based materials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine, are particularly noted for their use in endodontics and pulp therapy due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. These materials can set in moist environments and promote dentin bridge formation, making them suitable for vital pulp therapy and root-end fillings. Despite their advantages, the mechanical properties of bioactive materials can be a concern, and their clinical benefits are still being evaluated, particularly for resin-based composites. Ongoing research aims to optimize these materials' physical and mechanical properties to enhance their clinical performance and longevity. Bioactive dental materials significantly advance restorative dentistry, offering potential benefits in tissue regeneration and caries prevention. However, further clinical studies are needed to establish their long-term effectiveness and fully establish guidelines for their use.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a deciduous shrub from the Lythraceae family, is native to Central Asia, notably the Middle East, Iran, Turkmenistan, and northern India. While its fruit is widely consumed and valued for its health benefits, recent studies have explored the medicinal potential of its leaves. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of methanolic extracts of pomegranate leaves. The leaves were collected from Kundrathur, Chennai, shade-dried, powdered, and extracted using methanol. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides, identified using standard qualitative tests. These bioactive compounds contribute to various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, neuroprotective, and wound-healing activities. Additionally, pomegranate leaf extract has shown specific therapeutic potential in conditions like conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and skin infections due to its astringent, antimicrobial, and healing effects. Toxicity studies suggest that the extract is safe for use in animal models, further supporting its application in health formulations. Emerging uses of pomegranate leaf extract include its incorporation in herbal teas, liver detox supplements, and eco-friendly botanical pesticides. These applications reflect its growing relevance in both medical and agricultural fields. Overall, the study highlights Punica granatum leaves as a promising source of natural compounds with multifaceted therapeutic properties and excellent safety profiles. The findings support the continued exploration of pomegranate leaves in traditional and modern medicine, nutraceuticals, and sustainable product development. In conclusion, pomegranate leaves are a rich source of natural medicine. With further research, they may be widely used in health supplements, skincare, and even in farming as a natural alternative to chemicals. This study supports the growing interest in using plant-based remedies for health and environmental benefits.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), in its present growing condition, has to undergo a minimum of four to six months of dry period both in the traditional belts of Kerala and Karnataka and non-traditional areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The crop is sensitive and susceptible to altering temperatures and varying environmental conditions in South India. In this study, systematic screening for drought tolerance of Nigerian and Malaysian cocoa collections and their hybrids was carried out using physiological parameters and microsatellite markers. Initially, screening of the 10 parents using nine microsatellite markers revealed a total of 43 alleles with an average of 4.77 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity was higher is Malaysian collections (0.43) compared to Nigerian collections (0.36). The fixation index, in contrast, was lower in Malaysian collections (0.29) compared to Nigerian collections (0.37). The primer mtcCIR8 primers mtcCIR11, mtcCIR7 and mtcCIR18 generated an allelic richness and a high level of heterozygosity. There was a clustering of collections showing drought tolerance. A total of 108 progenies of cocoa, comprising of 8 parental plants and 10 hybrids, were analyzed for photosynthesis, leaf water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The parents, NC23/43, NC29/66 I-14, I-29 and II-67 had drought tolerant nature and the hybrids, I-21 x NC 29/66, I-29 x NC 23/43, II-67 x NC 29/66 and II-67 x NC 42/94 exhibited positive physiological traits for drought tolerance along with high yield.

Background: Prompt diagnosis of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is crucial, but atypical presentations can delay recognition. This case highlights a 60-year-old male smoker presenting with dyspnea and diaphoresis, in whom serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) were essential for diagnosis. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental tool for the rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the initial ECG in patients experiencing AMI can be non- diagnostic, posing a significant challenge for timely intervention. Subsequent serial ECG recording over a short period revealed the progressive development of characteristic ST- segment elevation, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of ST- elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We discuss the timing of ECG changes, the role of bedside echocardiography, the significance of initial negative troponin, the risk of being an "apparently healthy" older individual, the impact of smoking with non- diagnostic ECGs, the diagnostic accuracy of ER physician-performed echocardiography, and the criteria for urgent catheterization in non-STEMI presentations. Case Presentation: A 60-year-old male smoker with no known comorbidities presented to the emergency department (ED) at 02:50 am on March 20, 2025, with a one-hour history of sudden onset shortness of breath and diaphoresis. His initial 12-lead ECG (02:50 am) was unremarkable, and the baseline troponin T was negative. Patient was given Bipap support to overcome the respiratory distress. No calf pain and intermittent claudication history. At 03:00 am, the patient developed chest discomfort. A second ECG showed subtle changes. By 03:42 am, a third ECG revealed a marked ST- segment elevation ("tombstone" pattern) in the same leads. Patient was shifted to Cathlab urgently. He underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but developed cardiogenic shock in the cardiac care unit (CCU) and died. Conclusion: This case emphasizes that STEMI can occur with atypical symptoms and a non- diagnostic initial ECG. Serial ECGs are vital in such presentations. We address critical questions regarding the timing of ECG changes, the role of bedside echocardiography, the interpretation of early negative troponin, the risk in "apparently healthy" older smokers, the significance of smoking with non-diagnostic ECGs, the accuracy of ER-performed echocardiography, and the need for urgent catheterization in evolving non-STEMI cases.

Background: Gastric malignancy constitutes the most common malignancy worldwide and continues to be an important contributor to the global burden of cancer. Gastric cancer is generally diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease and exhibits an extremely poor prognosis, as patients with gastric cancer have unresectable, metastatic or recurrence. Methods: This case control type study was conducted in the department of General Surgery and Clinical Biochemistry, Sher e Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences and SKIMS Medical College from June 2018 to September 2020 comprising of 82 cases of Gastric cancer. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics like age, gender, place of residence, anthropometric measures, education and life style habits was collected from all cases. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of genomic DNA was done. Results: A total of 82cases were compared with 82 controls with male: female ratio of 2:1. The mean ages of cases and controls were 60.08 ±11.25years and 61.57 ±11.17years, respectively. In CYP2A6a genotype analysis, variant genotype, showed inverse but slightly insignificant association as compared to homozygous wild genotype (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.42 – 1.06).CYP2A6a wild genotype showed an increased gastric cancer risk on limiting the analysis to smoking(OR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.34 – 5.28).Positive history of any malignancy showed a stronger association with wild genotype carrying participants (OR = 8.87; 95% CI = 4.48 – 17.95) as compared to variant genotype (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.15 – 7.75). In CYP2A6b genotype analysis, variant genotypes showed overall no change in the modification of gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.04;95% CI =0.67 – 1.60).CYP2A6bwild genotype harboring subjects showed a synergistically significant ESCC vulnerability in tobacco smokers (OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.25 – 6.91). However, with a family history of any malignancy, variant (OR = 8.21; 95% CI = 2.19 – 30.37) as well as wild (OR = 5.17; 95% CI = 2.76 – 9.66) genotype carrying subjects showed significantly a strong association towards gastric cancer development. Males turned out to be at higher risk than females on carrying a wild genotype (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.00 – 4.78). Conclusions: The study suggests that polymorphism in major xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme CYP2A6, modify the gastric cancer risk.

Introduction: Nephrocalcinosis may be defined as deposition of calacium (in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate) in the substance of the kidney, a process that can impair the function of the kidney function. The disorder may be symmetric or, in anatomic disorders such as medullary sponge kidney, involve only a single kidney. Nephrocalcinosis is caused by a number of conditions including the excess excretion of calcium by the kidney, renal tubular acidosis, medullary sponge kidney, hypercalcemia, renal cortical necrosis, and tuberculosis. Case Details: A 50-year-old male presented with loin to groin pain for the last 2 months. It was not associated with fever, dysuria or hematuria. He has been suffering from hypertension and dyslipidemia for last 5 years. No other significant past history was found. Multiple USG, X-Ray KUBP, CECT KUB with urogram and Urinary PCR was performed, all of tests revealed same finding of having two calculi in left kidney. The patient complained about having repeated episode of nephrolithiasis in renal colic. Later with detailed study a renal biopsy was performed and findings of left renal parenchymal calcification was confirmed. Conclusion: Patients with medullary nephrocalcinosis may develop nephrolithiasis leading to repeated episodes of renal colic. Treatment of the underlying cause can prevent recurrent renal calculus formation and hence reduce the morbidity associated with the disease.

Bioactive dental materials are increasingly utilized in restorative dentistry because they interact beneficially with biological tissues. These materials, including bioceramics, calcium phosphates, and bioactive glasses, exhibit biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to promote tissue regeneration. The FDI Policy Statement emphasizes that bioactive materials should have local, intended, and non-toxic effects without compromising their primary function of dental tissue replacement. Recent systematic reviews and studies have explored the bioactivity of various restorative materials, including resin composites and resin cements, which often incorporate additives like bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite. These materials can induce hydroxyapatite formation, release therapeutic ions, and promote remineralization at the dentin-material interface. Calcium silicate-based materials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine, are particularly noted for their use in endodontics and pulp therapy due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. These materials can set in moist environments and promote dentin bridge formation, making them suitable for vital pulp therapy and root-end fillings. Despite their advantages, the mechanical properties of bioactive materials can be a concern, and their clinical benefits are still being evaluated, particularly for resin-based composites. Ongoing research aims to optimize these materials' physical and mechanical properties to enhance their clinical performance and longevity. Bioactive dental materials significantly advance restorative dentistry, offering potential benefits in tissue regeneration and caries prevention. However, further clinical studies are needed to establish their long-term effectiveness and fully establish guidelines for their use.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a cationic biguanide compound that exhibits strong antimicrobial activity by destabilising bacterial cell walls and membranes. This case highlights the unusual presentation of contact dermatitis caused by a commonly used antiseptic liquid containing chlorhexidine gluconate. Case Presentation: An 8-year-old male presented to Dermatology OPD with an acute erythematous painful rash on the nape of the neck. The patient has a history of abrasion injury 2 days back for which the parent applied chlorhexidine-containing antiseptic liquid locally. The relationship between chlorhexidine and adverse drug reaction was assessed according to the WHO causality scale and was determined to be ‘Probable/Likely’. The patient was managed by topical steroids and oral antihistamines. Conclusion: Our case contributes to the increasing evidence of chlorhexidine hypersensitivity in the paediatric population. Clinicians must be cognizant of the numerous possible contact sources with chlorhexidine-containing antiseptics and personal hygiene products containing chlorhexidine as a preservative. It is crucial to recognise catastrophic reactions that may occur due to chlorhexidine sensitisation.

The accurate quantification of related substances (RS) in pharmaceutical formulations is a critical aspect of ensuring drug safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the development and validation of a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Aceclofenac along with their pharmacopoeial and process-related impurities. The method was systematically optimized through solubility screening, buffer pH adjustment, gradient elution programming, and column selection, utilizing a pH-stable C18 stationary phase coupled with ion-pairing agents to achieve optimal peak resolution. Method validation was conducted following ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines, evaluating parameters such as specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.999), low limits of detection and quantification for all analytes, and high recovery rates within acceptable ranges. Importantly, critical resolution between closely eluting impurities, such as Aceclofenac Impurity-A and 4-chloroacetanilide, was successfully achieved, confirming the method’s suitability for routine quality control. The study underscores the importance of robust analytical design in impurity profiling and offers a validated approach that can be adopted for regulatory submissions and real-time release testing in the pharmaceutical industry.

The review examines the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis, risk factors for the development of this disease, pathogenesis, etiology and sensitivity of pathogens to antibiotics, and presents modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. Methods of prevention and promising areas of research for neonatal sepsis are discussed.

The objective of the study was to analyze the contribution of climate change adaptation strategies and the costs of crop pest control and soil fertility management to improving crop productivity. To do this, data relating to the socio-economic characteristics of producers, the adaptation strategies developed and production inputs and outputs were collected from 280 corn and cotton producers in North Benin and 70 millet producers in South Niger. It appears from the analyzes that the majority of producers have adapted to climate change by adopting a varied range of adaptation strategies such as: (1) crop diversification, (2) adjustment of the crop calendar and cultivation practices, (3) land use strategies and (4) other adaptations including traditional prayers and rituals, and producer migrations. These adjustments made by producers have consequences on the productivity of the farm and on the costs of controlling crop pests and soil fertility. In addition, the strategy of adjusting the agricultural calendar and farming practices seems to be the adaptation strategy most suited to the context of climate change. Therefore, research institutes and producer support structures must provide producers with technical routes better adapted to climate change, particularly drought conditions.

The first decision was made to retrain the Russian language teachers with English language teachers’ preparation course for secondary school in Mongolia in 1991. Within the framework of the education sector reform, the discussion was held on improving the foreign language teaching policy and steps were taken to develop English as one of the main foreign languages of instruction in 1995. The first English language training centers had been established which was based on market and social demand since 1993. This study aims to clarify the dynamics and quality changes in English language teaching that based on the case of the foreign language training center in Ulaanbaatar, which started with English language course in 1996. In this context: First, a quantitative study was conducted using content analysis on the archival documents of the training center (1996-2024). Second, in order to verify the results of the quantitative study, a qualitative semi-structured expert interview method was used to conduct an interview survey with managers of English language training centers. As a result, conclusions were drawn about the dynamics and quality changes in English language teaching in the training centers.

Introduction: Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the marketing, buying, and selling of merchandise or service over the Internet. It encompasses the entire scope of online products and services from start to finish. E-commerce facilitates the growth of an online business. Online shopping is an e-commerce format. This work helps the user to order their products online. The product provider will get those orders and will make a bag for them and the customers can get their products. Item-based collaborative filtering is used to find the similarities between the products brought by the customer and to recommend the most similar product. This helps in making even the visitor into a customer.