Table of Contents: Volume 18; Issue 05; May, 2026

This research paper focuses on reducing agricultural losses caused by changing climatic and environmental conditions, which often result in unsuitable crop selection for cultivation on a particular land area. Machine Learning ML is a significant methodology for accomplishing the reasonable and compelling answers for this disadvantage. In India farmers still follow the traditional techno logy which they adopted from their ancestors. But the problem is that in the earliest time climate was very healthy everything happened on time. But now most of the things have been changed due to global warming and many other factors. The leading annoyance with agribusiness in India is the shortage of rainfall in seasonal periods. Humidity is also required for production, though it has been unreasonable, it also transforms as a weakness. Accurateness of harvest price forecasting strategies plays an important function in encouraging market characteristics such as direction and collection. Harvest Yield Prediction technique includes foreseeing yield of the harvest from reachable historical and possible data like climate parameter, soil parameter and yield prediction. Machine learning algorithms are applied and we get best predicted results through a web application. This Project is an attempt of predicting the outcome of harvest supported the current data by using of RFA Random Forest Algorithm and Back Propagation. The expectation can make the farmer to foresee the yield of harvest before developing onto the agribusiness zone.

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a transformative technology in academic libraries, significantly changing library operations, information retrieval, and research support services. This paper examines the evolution of AI applications in academic libraries, from early automation systems to modern generative AI technologies. It highlights major AI applications such as intelligent cataloguing, chatbots, natural language processing, recommender systems, machine learning, plagiarism detection, and research analytics. The study also discusses the benefits, challenges, ethical concerns, and future trends associated with AI adoption in libraries. The findings indicate that AI improves operational efficiency, enhances user experience, and enables personalized research support services. However, issues such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, digital ethics, and governance remain significant concerns. The paper further emphasizes the evolving role of librarians as facilitators, digital literacy educators, and guides in responsible AI usage. With the support of AI technologies, librarians can transform academic libraries into intelligent knowledge hubs that promote AI literacy, innovation, and advanced research support.

The objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic effect of halide ions (I⁻, F⁻, Cl⁻) and three natural methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline)—which have complementary properties and are of great interest in nutrition and pharmacology—as proposed inhibitors of aluminum corrosion in hydrochloric acid using the gravimetric method. The experimental results show a considerable increase in inhibitory efficiency with the addition of halide ions to the three methylxanthines between 298 K and 308 K. Thus, at T = 298 K and for solutions with concentrations of (10⁻² M) in iodide ions and (10⁻⁴ M) in organic molecules, the following increases in inhibitory efficacy were observed: 93.4% for caffeine, 90.47% for theobromine, and 90.07% for theophylline. Determination of the synergy factor between iodide ions and each of the inhibitors led to the identification of different temperature ranges exhibiting cooperative adsorption and competitive adsorption.

Background: Cancer encompasses a heterogeneous group of non-communicable diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation that can arise in virtually any organ. Globally, the burden is projected to reach approximately 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million deaths by 2030. Among these malignancies, colorectal cancer which originating in the colon or rectum, remains one of the most prevalent forms. Varying treatments for colorectal cancer ranging from surgery to chemotherapy are used, which are expensive with low efficacy. Active components from organic materials i.e., marine algae could be utilized as alternative treatment for cancer. One of these marine algae is the red algae species of Gracilaria sp., that is known as a producer of biologically active phytochemicals. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical profile and in vitro cytotoxic properties of the red algae Gracilaria sp. against HT-29 colon cancer cells. Methods: Cleaned and dried Gracilaria sp. biomass was finely pulverized into powder. Sequential multistage maceration was then performed using solvents of increasing polarity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, yielding the corresponding n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts, respectively. These extracts were subsequently subjected to phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to characterize their secondary metabolite profiles, followed by evaluation of their cytotoxic activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells using the MTT assay. Results: Seaweed Gracilaria sp. contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. All extracts exhibited measurable cytotoxic effects against HT-29 colon cancer cells. The ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 53.32 μg/mL. In contrast, the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts displayed comparatively weak cytotoxicity, with IC₅₀ values of 107.58 μg/mL and 180.65 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Red algae of Glacilaria sp. should be further investigated as a new candidate of anti-colon cancer agent.

Background: Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a significant cause of neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the established standard of care for neonates with moderate to severe HIE. Aim: To determine mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome at one year of age in neonates with HIE Grade II/III who underwent whole body therapeutic hypothermia using a servo-controlled device. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was conducted at a Level 3A NICU from June 2018 to May 2020. Neonates of gestational age ≥36 weeks admitted within 6 hours of birth, fulfilling TOBY trial-based physiological and neurological eligibility criteria, were enrolled (n=35). Whole body cooling was administered using Tecotherm Neo™ at a target rectal temperature of 33.5°C for 72 hours, followed by gradual rewarming. Neurodevelopmental assessment was performed using the modified Hammersmith neurological examination at discharge and the Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC) at one year of age. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 35 enrolled neonates, 30 (85.7%) survived to discharge. At one year follow-up, 25 of 30 survivors (83.3%) demonstrated normal neurodevelopmental outcome on TDSC. Requirement for invasive ventilation during cooling (p=0.016) and delayed establishment of direct breastfeeding beyond 48 hours (p=0.003) were significant predictors of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Conclusion: Therapeutic hypothermia using a servo-controlled device is associated with favorable survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with HIE Grade II/III in an Indian tertiary NICU setting. Invasive ventilation requirement and delayed breastfeeding are clinically useful prognostic markers for adverse outcomes at one year.

Orbital cellulitis is a serious opthalmological condition which is often caused by bacteria infection, and can cause serious complications including vision loss, intracranial involvement and even carvenous sinus thrombosis if there is no timely and prompt treatment. A11years old boy presented to our hospital with the symptoms of left eye pain, swelling, high grade fever and head ache. Upon clinical examination, the patient had limited ocular motility, tenderness when rotating the eyeball, and the Computed Tomography (CT scan) showed features of left orbital and periorbital cellulitis secondary to paranasal sinusitis. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics, incision and drainage of the abscess and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was done by Otorhinolaryngologist. The patient had full recover after medical and surgical interventions and no complications occurred.

Background of the study: Fever itself is not an illness. A fever is a common side effect of illness like the flu. It happens when there is a temporary rise in body temperature. A fever is usually a sign that immune system is busy fighting an infection or other illness. Water is an excellent conductor, which allows it to transfer heat effectively and quickly. Water has a temperature conducting capacity twenty-seven times that of air. Water gives up its heat rapidly, but does not cool quickly. When Hot Water Foot Bath applied for 15-20 minutes the blood vessels in the feet starts expanding and gets improved circulation, neutralizing acid and relieving aches, tiredness and fever. The improved blood circulation resets the hypothalamic set points by heat transfer from higher heat area to lower heat area. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on body temperature among patients with fever. Methodology: Quantitative approach was used for the study. Pre-test and post-test control group design was used to conduct the study. This study was conducted in ICUs of DMCH, Ludhiana, and Punjab. The target population consists patients with fever admitted in ICUs of DMCH, Ludhiana, Punjab. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw sample from target population as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. With lottery method patients were divided in (N= 50) n1 (group 1) = 25 Experimental group and n2 (group 2) = 25 Control group . Pre assessment of body temperature was done using standardized scale digital thermometer. For experimental group hot water foot bath therapy 42 °C (107.6 °F) was given for 15 minutes. A post assessment of body temperature was done to determine the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy. Result: The findings of the study showed that significant difference has been found in experimental group and control group in pre-assessment mean of body temperature (100.632±0.4110) (100.624 ± 0.4944) and post -assessment mean of body temperature (99.424±0.5811) (100.648 ± 0.5516) respectively at p<0.05 level of significant. Conclusion: The finding of the study demonstrated that hot water foot bath therapy was an effective non pharmacological method to reduce the body temperature. The mean post assessment body temperature were lower than mean pre assessment body temperature. There was significant difference found in pre-assessment and post assessment in experimental group.

Mushrooms often contain ergosterol, which is converted to vitamin D2 by ultraviolet irradiation. It has been reported that ingesting ergosterol may help prevent dementia and depression by preventing osteoporosis, protecting the brain, and promoting the secretion of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Therefore, this study focused on wood ear mushrooms, which have a high vitamin D content according to the Japanese Food Analysis Table, and investigated whether the vitamin D2 content of dried wood mushroom ears can be increased by irradiating them with ultraviolet light (UV253.7nm). Using domestically produced wood ear mushrooms (manufactured by Kikurage Farm Inazawa Co., Ltd.), the vitamin D (vitamin D2 and vitamin D3) content of fresh, dried, dried (1 hour UV irradiation), dried (2 hours UV irradiation), and dried (3 hours UV irradiation) samples was analyzed by the Japan Food Analysis Center The results showed no significant difference between 1-hour and 2-hour UV irradiation, but 3-hour UV irradiation resulted in a vitamin D content approximately 1.5 times higher (127 µg) than the vitamin D value (84 µg) listed in the Japanese Food Analysis Table for wood ear mushrooms. In the future, considering the potential application of domestically cultivated wood ear mushrooms as disaster food and space food, we aim to enhance their value as a food ingredient by managing "moisture content," "particle size," and "UV irradiation conditions" to maximize their vitamin D2 nutritional value.

The perennial plant Luffa acutangula (Cucurbitaceae) is used extensively in the traditional Indian medical system to cure a variety of ailments. It is mostly found in India, Southeast Asia, China, Japan, Egypt, and other regions of Africa. Koshataki (Luffa acutangula) has long been valued for its ability to treat ailments like Gulma (abdominal tumors), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kamala (jaundice), Kushtha (skin problems), etc. It has been mentioned for preparation of Kshar by Acharya Sushruta. Therapeutic applications of Koshataki is supported by contemporary phytochemical research, which has identified more than 50 bioactive substances, including as flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones, etc. The plant has strong antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities, according to pharmacological research. The phytochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal potential of the plant are outlined in this paper.

Introduction: Brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae (BC AVF) are often preferred over distal fistulae in patients with borderline cephalic veins due to higher reported maturation rates. However, they are associated with increased complications and early utilization of proximal venous access. This study evaluates whether high radiocephalic (RC) AVF with technical modifications can achieve comparable outcomes. Material and methods: This retrospective comparative study included 50 patients with cephalic vein diameter 1.5–2 mm between January 2025 and December 2025. Patients were divided into two groups: High RC AVF (n=25), constructed using modified side-to-side anastomosis with selective intraoperative vein dilatation, and BC AVF (n=25), created using standard end-to-side technique. Primary outcome was functional maturation at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes included time to maturation, complications, and need for secondary intervention. Results: Maturation rates were comparable between groups (72% vs 80%, p=0.51). The mean time to maturation was longer in the High RC group (44.2 ± 8.6 vs 38.5 ± 7.9 days, p=0.03). Overall complication rate was significantly lower in the High RC group (12% vs 36%, p=0.04). No cases of steal syndrome were observed in the High RC group. Conclusions: High RC AVF using optimized surgical techniques provides comparable maturation outcomes to BC AVF in borderline veins, with fewer complications and better preservation of proximal access.

End-of-life care (EOLC) represents a critical and often overlooked aspect of healthcare that focuses on providing comfort and dignity to individuals nearing the end of their lives. A peaceful and dignified death is the right of every person with a life-limiting illness. A ‘good death’ can be an outcome of a holistic approach towards the patients, taking into account their wishes, cultural background, ethical considerations alongside symptom management. Despite the high death rate due to chronic terminal illnesses, India seemingly lacks the capacity to provide end-of-life care (EOLC). As per the Economist Intelligence Unit report in 2015 India ranks 67th out of 80 countries which were studied for quality of death. The major factors that act as a barrier for practicing EOLC in developing countries include failure to recognize EOLC as a requirement of public health, lack of related systematic data, and lack of a national-level policy. To top it off legal ambiguity further deters physicians from initiating EOLC discussions, resulting in the initiation and continuation of invasive life-sustaining procedures at end-of-life. However, the duty of care for the physician is bound not only by the national laws but also the principles of professional ethics (autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice). The physician bears the duty to save a patient’s life, but this duty does not mean continuing a potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment which can further increase the suffering of the patient and their caregivers. This type of care goes beyond the traditional curative model, prioritizing symptom relief, pain management, and psychosocial support for both patients and their families. Despite the advancements in healthcare systems worldwide, the provision of quality EOLC remains still inadequate in our country India. Moreover, the issue of inadequate EOLC is particularly significant in our country because of growing burden of chronic diseases and terminal illnesses, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and heart disease. However, the challenges such as resource limitations, cultural barriers, and insufficient training for healthcare professionals are making these decisions further difficult. Hence the need for well-structured and compassionate end-of-life care has become even more urgent. Although there have been efforts to address these issues through national guidelines and institutional policies, there remains a significant gap between what is recommended and what is practiced. The All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), one of the leading healthcare institutions in India, has developed a comprehensive policy on End-of-Life Care. We have used this policy as a gold standard for making our EOLC decisions. (Annexure – 1) This policy addresses the issue in four parts: (i) recognition of potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment by physicians, (ii) consensus among all caregivers on potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment and initiation of the best supportive care pathway, (iii) initiation of EOLC pathways, and (iv) symptom management and ongoing supportive care until death. This policy outlines best practices in symptom management, referral to palliative care services, communication with patients and families, and the importance of cultural sensitivity and psychological support. However, the implementation and adherence to these guidelines require regular evaluation to ensure they are being effectively followed in clinical practice. This clinical audit aims to have a standardized protocol in our unit and to assess the extent to which EOLC practices at AIIMS align with the institution’s established policy on EOLC at our centre. The audit specifically assessed key components such as futility criteria, consensus among treating physicians and the critical care team, agreement with family members regarding futility and documentation, types of EOLC decision and pre EOLC assessment process thereof. It also evaluated various end-of-life care (EOLC) decision-making processes, included no CPR, no intubation, no vasopressors, and no dialysis, no blood transfusion, no routine Labs, no higher antibiotics as well as compliance with documentation, of these parameters. Additionally, it reviewed checklist compliance for communication and initiation of end-of-life care. This audit aimed to identify areas where our policy was successfully implemented and those requiring improvement, contributing to the enhancement of EOLC quality at our centre. By systematically assessing the alignment between clinical practices and institutional policy, this audit intended to provide actionable recommendations for improving EOLC policies at our centre. Additionally, it may offer valuable insights for better application of EOLC in other healthcare settings across India.

This article examines the development of museum exhibition design in Mongolia between 1924 and 1990, focusing on the evolution of permanent and temporary exhibitions within the broader context of cultural and institutional transformation. Drawing on archival materials, museum publications, and institutional records, the study traces the emergence of modern museum practices from the establishment of the Institute of Scriptures and Literatures to the modernization of the State Central Museum and the expansion of specialized museums during the socialist period. Particular attention is given to exhibition organization, thematic planning, curatorial methods, visitor engagement, and the introduction of new exhibition technologies, including dioramas and audiovisual systems. The article argues that Mongolian museums evolved from relatively modest collection-based institutions into professionally organized museum systems that played a significant role in public education, cultural preservation, ideological representation, and the international promotion of Mongolia’s history, art, ethnography, and natural heritage.

Education is fundamental for developing a skilled human resource, and is crucial for building and maintaining a strong and robust economy, elevating society, and inspiring a nation to reach new heights. The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India has launched a comprehensive National Education Policy- 2020. NEP 2020 envisions learning that is holistic, integrated, inclusive, joyful learning without Burden that is both enjoyable and engaging. Emphasis was given on parameters namely; “Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability. A key recommendation of NEP-2020 is the promotion of multidisciplinary research based on collaboration by the academic institutes. Lifelong learning and a focus in research prevent humans from becoming out-dated in society in terms of knowledge, skills, and experience needed to live comfortably. In this research paper, status of parameters of National Education Policy (NEP)-2020 has been discussed.

Sustainable water management is part of the process of resource replenishment. Indeed, a deterioration in water quality upstream can persist for several hundred kilometres and affect water use much further downstream. Sustainable development requires balancing social and economic concerns with environmental concerns, taking into account the essential yet limiting factor: water. The challenge of sustainable water management is an empirical study based on a qualitative approach. The data collection tools that enabled us to gather information to confirm or refute our hypotheses were semi-structured interviews and observation. Based on the information collected in the field, water is now perceived not only as an economic, vital or agricultural resource, but as a recomposed universe. To ensure sustainable water management, the populations of the Bamboutos department should take into account all the aspects and functions in which water plays a role.

L’artiste miséreux, roi sur les tréteaux mais albatros déchu dans l’arène sociale, est l’un des poncifs de l’imagerie populaire. Aussi la question se fait-elle récurrente de savoir s’il peut vivre de son art, surtout s’il est un praticien du théâtre. A priori, le statut social peu enviable de l’artiste-comédien s’origine dans le déficit de compétences des animateurs du champ théâtral béninois. Sur la base des recherches des Américains W. Baumol, W. Bowen, E. Jérôme McCarthy et A. Humphrey puis des travaux de l’UNESCO sur la contribution de la culture à l’économie, cet article élargit le champ sémantique du concept de « théâtre », pose les prolégomènes à l’analyse de sa contribution à l’économie au Bénin et en révèle les conditions critiques.

Background: Reports of epidermoid cysts mimicking lipomas in the abdominal wall are exceedingly rare.Epidermoid cysts are common benign lesions, but giant variants in the anterior abdominal wall are rare and may clinically resemble lipomas. Giant epidermoid cysts in uncommon sites can pose diagnostic challenges, particularly when they mimic other benign soft tissue lesions. Case Presentation: We report a patient presenting with large, soft, mobile swellingover anterior abdominal wall swelling initially diagnosed as lipoma based on clinical and imaginative features.Surgical excision revealed a cystic lesion with keratinous debris. Histopathological examination revealed a Cystic wall lined by squamous epithelium containing keratin. Discussion: Giant epidermoid cysts in uncommon sites such as the abdominal wall are rarelydocumented. Clinical mimicry of lipomas poses a diagnostic pitfall, as both lesions present withslow growth and soft consistency.Imaging may be inconclusive, supporting the vitalrole of histopathology. Literature review reveals fewsimilarcases, emphasizing the rarity of thispresentation. Conclusion: This case highlights the uncommon occurrence of a giant epidermoidcyst over theanterior abdominal wallmimicking a lipoma. It emphasizes the importance of considering epidermoid cyst in the differential diagnosisof abdominal wall swellings and the necessity ofhistopathological confirmation for accurate diagnosis and management.

This research arose from the observation that employees in the Cameroonian civil service show insufficient engagement at work. Several studies indicate that low work engagement has multiple consequences for organisations. Mowday and colleagues (1982) show that it contributes to increased stress and reduced vigilance; it also leads to reduced effort, lower performance and loss of efficiency (Aseron et al., 2020). Allen and Meyer (1996) argue that disengaged employees may become unpleasant and aggressive. In this context, the role played by the leader appears important for revitalising the organisational environment. The objective of this study is to show that transformational leadership predicts work engagement. A random sample of 179 employees in the city of Yaounde was selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire composed of measurement scales: work engagement was assessed using the Allen and Meyer (1993) scale, while transformational leadership was measured using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2003). The results indicate that H1 (beta = 0.25; p < 0.05), H2 (beta = 0.26; p < 0.05), H3 (beta = 0.29; p < 0.05) and H4 (beta = 0.16; p < 0.05) are all significant. These findings show that transformational leadership predicts work engagement. The study concludes that leaders must lead by example in order to transform colleagues’ apathy into work engagement.