Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 11; November 2025

This study provides an in-depth analysis of methods for modeling residual components in time series applied to health data. Time series analysis plays a crucial role in many disciplines, particularly in public health. Time series make it possible to study the evolution of phenomena over time in order to identify trends and formulate forecasts. However, beyond the trend and seasonality components, residual components, often perceived as "noise", also contain valuable information that could impact the results of these forecasts if they are not taken into account. After exploring some methods (statistical and machine learning), we applied the first-order autoregressive method AR(1) to health data from the Cameroonian Ministry of Public Health for the period 2018 to 2022. This method successfully captured the relevant information contained in the residuals of our decomposition, achieving a performance of 99% in the test. This result is well beyond those using neural networks (LSTM) and ARIMA-ARCH on the same dataset. The study of the residuals helps to better adjust the general trend of the series and highlights the importance of taking into account the residuals in the modeling of time series in order to improve the accuracy of forecasts. Finally, this study opens up perspectives for the application of other hybrid modeling techniques combining statistical and machine learning methods for a more detailed analysis of health data.

Our atmosphere is predominantly consists of two important gases that are important for livelihood, namely Oxygen and Nitrogen. Clean air is essential to stay healthy as well as to maintain a good environment. Air Quality is measured using a metric called Air Quality Index (AQI). It is a number that tells which pollutant is present in the air, its percentage and how it affects our health and Ecosystem. It keeps a tab on major Air Pollutants namely PM10,PM2.5,No2,So2,CO,O3,NH3,Lead. Besides these, Emission of Firecrackers also made an impact of it by releasing harmful chemicals and organic pollutants. In the present study, we had used machine learning models like Linear Regression,Support Vector Machine,Artificial Neural Networks, Decision Trees and Random Forest. The results showed that ANN outperformed other models with the metrics R2 (1),MAE (1), MAPE (0.7142),RMSE(1) for the city Gummidipoondi. This helps government to take preventive steps that worsens with all reasons related to weather conditions,vehicle emissions and local pollutants that create public health emergencies related to many respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

The relation between radius and the area of a circle is said to be 22/7 times the radius square. Similarly the relation between diameter and the circumference is considered as 22/7 times the diameter of a circle but actually it is not. For practical purposes to determine the area and circumference of a circle we use this with some deviation and variances. Here in this essay I have shown the actual relation with proof mathematical obviously.

Background: Maternal mortality continues to be a global public health problem with anaemia as one of its leading causes. There have been a number of interventions and strategies targeted at preventing anaemia in pregnancy and in effect, maternal mortality in Ghana. Despite these efforts, the problem persists. This study investigated the trends in anaemia aggravated maternal mortality in Ghana and examined how these rates varied across different age groups. Objectives: This study aims to assess the trends in maternal mortality attributable to iron deficiency in Ghana and also examine variations in the trend across different age groups. Methods: A linear regression was fitted to the natural log of the maternal mortality attributed to anaemia in the Joint point Regression Program to assess the overall trends in anaemia attributed maternal mortality. Pairwise comparison tests were also performed to ascertain whether the trends in the rate of mortality were identical across different age groups. Results: In general, it was observed that the rate of anaemia aggravated maternal deaths in Ghana declined from 1990 to 2021. Meanwhile, there were observed temporal increase in the rate among women aged 30 and above with those aged below 30 not recording any temporal rise. Conclusion: Considering the variations in trend across different age groups, this study recommends that age-specific targeted interventions be introduced to combat anaemia in pregnancy and improve maternal health outcomes in Ghana.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionising healthcare by enhancing patient care, diagnosis, treatment, and management. This paper explores the diverse applications of AI in health systems, highlighting its potential to improve efficiency, accuracy, and patient outcomes while addressing the associated challenges. AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision enable the analysis of vast healthcare data for predictive analytics, personalised medicine, and disease prevention. These tools support clinicians in diagnosing and predicting diseases swiftly and accurately.Applications like virtual health assistants and predictive modelling are fostering more patient-centred care across various healthcare settings. Beyond clinical care, AI is accelerating medical research and drug development by analysing genomic data, identifying biomarkers, and modelling drug interactions, including repurposing existing drugs to address emerging health threats. Despite its promise, AI implementation faces ethical, legal, and data privacy challenges. Ensuring reliability and safety demands ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, transparency, and rigorous evaluation of AI systems. Addressing these barriers is critical to harnessing AI's full potential and integrating it responsibly into healthcare.

La conservation du maïs demeure un enjeu majeur en Guinée, où les pertes post récolte dues à Sitophiluszeamais peuvent dépasser 40 %, compromettant la sécurité alimentaire et la qualité des semences. Les insecticides de synthèse, bien qu’efficaces, posent des risques sanitaires et environnementaux, d’où l’intérêt croissant pour les biopesticides d’origine végétale comme le neem (Azadirachta indica). Cette étude conduite à Faranah avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’extraits de différentes parties du neem a été évaluée dans la protection des grains de maïs. Cinq traitements ont été comparés : un témoin positif (Sarsa-super, T0), les poudres de graines (T1), péricarpe des fruits (T2), feuilles (T3) et écorces (T4), appliquées sur 4 kg de maïs infesté artificiellement par 20 adultes de Sitophilus zeamais. Les observations ont porté sur la pureté, le taux d’infestation, la perte de poids, la mortalité des insectes et le pouvoir germinatif des graines. Les résultats montrent que les extraits de graines (T1) et de péricarpes (T2) ont significativement réduit les infestations (39 %) et les pertes de poids (0,1 %), tout en maintenant une pureté élevée (87 %) et un pouvoir germinatif comparable au témoin (89 %). Les extraits d’écorces (T4) ont été moins performants, probablement en raison d’une faible teneur en métabolites bioactifs. En conclusion, les extraits de neem, notamment ceux issus des grains (T1 et T2), représentent une alternative écologique, économique et durable aux insecticides chimiques pour la gestion post récolte du maïs, contribuant à la réduction des pertes et à la préservation de la qualité semencière.

Background: Recent research highlights the neuroinflammatory basis of Schizophrenia with an intrigue into biomarkers for schizophrenia. The involvement of immunological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients with a blunted type 1 (i.e., IL-2, gamma interferon, IL-12 and TNF-β) and an increased type 2 cytokine pattern (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) has been seen. Aim: To assess the baseline immunological parameters in drug naïve patients of schizophrenia, compare the levels of interleukins-2,6 and 8 in patients on clozapine and risperidone at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and study their correlation with clinical response. Material and methods: It was a prospective, randomized, and comparative study. Patients with ICD 11 diagnosis of Schizophrenia were randomized to receive either clozapine or risperidone after baseline assessment of socio- demographic and clinical parameters, baseline blood investigations, immunoglobulins and estimation of interleukin (IL-2, 6 and 8) levels. Levels of interleukins were reassessed at 6 weeks and 12 weeks along with application of PANSS and Glasgow antipsychotic side effect check list. Results: 54 of 65 patients completed the study; 30 patients in clozapine group and 24 in risperidone group. A significant rise was seen in IL-2 levels over 12 weeks. There was decrease in IL-6 levels which correlated with the decrease in positive symptoms at week 12. IL-8 had a negative correlation with the general psychopathology score at week 6 which continued till week 12. Risperidone did not have a significant alteration in the interleukin levels over the 12 weeks. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the elevated cytokine levels (IL-6) at baseline in both clozapine and risperidone groups validate the inflammatory basis of schizophrenia and may be used as the state marker for schizophrenia.

The 2025 edition of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has raised the recommended vitamin D intake from 5.5 micrograms to 9.0 micrograms. The reason for this is that more and more people are taking measured to protect themselves from the sun on a daily basis, and also to prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a new food product (disaster food or space food) using wood ear mushrooms, which are known to be high in vitamin D. First, we began by analyzing how much vitamin D and calcium wood ear mushrooms contain, and we report on this. We requested the Japan Food Research Laboratories, Nagoya branch. To measure the vitamin D and calcium contents of commercially available Chinese wood ear mushrooms and wood ear mushrooms cultivated using commercially available Japanese mushroom beds. As a result, the vitamin D content of commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 83.5 µg/100g, and the calcium content was 108mg/100g. The vitamin D content of cultivated wood ear mushrooms was below the detection limit (0.7 µg/100g or less), and the calcium content was 49.5mg/100g. Vitamin D is not only required to be taken together with calcium to prevent osteoporosis, but is also an important nutrient because it regulates immune function, inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation, and suppresses inflammation. However, this analysis has revealed that the foods we eat, thinking we are getting vitamin D, may actually contain no vitamin D or only trace amounts. In the development of future disaster and space food, it is necessary to clarify the nutritional analysis values of the wood ear mushrooms to be used before processing them into food.

The capital market plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth and development in a country. Its role in maintaining financial stability through trading in the primary and secondary markets earns it a prized position as one of the most effective ways of transforming a country’s economy, boosting investors’ confidence and preserving the integrity of the capital market. Fostering a safe and reliable market requires a sound regulatory and supervisory regime as well as a strong enforcement mechanism capable of maintaining effective dispute resolution. The inherent nature of the market necessitates the ability to effectively and efficiently resolve disputes as they arise, thereby enhancing the market’s effectiveness in fostering economic growth and development. The judiciary plays a key role in the adjudication of capital market disputes. The paper analyses the pertinent issues that arise in the adjudication of capital market disputes, including jurisdictional conflict between the Federal High Court and the Investments and Securities Tribunal, slow and cumbersome judicial processes due to insufficient expertise of judicial officers to decide on intricate capital market cases, and incessant interlocutory applications by litigants, amongst others. The paper asserts that strengthening the judiciary to create a strong and efficient dispute resolution body with clear, unambiguous jurisdictional boundaries, improved capacity-building knowledge, enhanced enforcement tools and the establishment of a sanction regime for unnecessary applications by litigants is essential for a resilient and effective Nigerian capital market.

Purpose and Design: This research develops an empirical accounting and legislative framework for integrated financial, tax, and sustainability disclosure to enhance Egypt’s economic competitiveness, governance, and alignment with global best practices. It is designed as an applied comparative study combining legal, accounting, and institutional perspectives. Method and Approach A mixed-methods approach was employed, including: • Content analysis of Egyptian laws and accounting regulations related to financial, tax, and ESG reporting. • Comparative analysis of successful disclosure frameworks in developed countries, particularly the EU’s CSRD and South Korea’s DART system. • Empirical data collection through surveys and expert interviews with 204 respondents from Egyptian enterprises and regulatory bodies. Findings: The study reveals significant fragmentation and inefficiencies in Egypt’s current financial, tax, and ESG disclosure landscape, leading to legal uncertainty and high compliance costs. Results demonstrate that adopting an integrated accounting and legislative framework, supported by a unified digital platform, can significantly enhance: • Transparency and investor confidence. • Access to sustainable finance. • Alignment with global sustainability standards. A draft legislative proposal is presented, detailing articles, institutional roles, penalties, and phased implementation strategies. Originality and Value: This research represents one of the first comprehensive accounting and legislative frameworks for integrated disclosure in the Egyptian context. It bridges theoretical models with practical regulatory reforms, providing empirical evidence and a legislative blueprint applicable to other emerging economies. Theoretical, Practical, and Social Implications • Theoretically: enriches stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and institutional theory within disclosure regulation. • Practically: offers policymakers and accountants a roadmap to modernize Egypt’s disclosure framework. • Socially: promotes trust, transparency, and sustainable development in line with Vision 2030.

This paper explores a comparative study of John Milton and Mirza Ghalib, two poetic giants who, despite belonging to distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, share a common spirit of rebellion and introspection. Through a close reading of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Deewan-e-Ghalib, this study investigates how both poets question divine authority, confront moral contradictions, and reinterpret religious dogma in light of human experience. While Milton’s Puritan worldview seeks to justify divine justice through reason and scripture, Ghalib’s Urdu poetry expresses an existential skepticism toward the same cosmic order. The analysis reveals how both poets transform theological discourse into a humanistic quest for freedom, positioning poetry as a dialogue between the finite and the infinite. The topic Comparative Literature in itself offers a broader range of research to a student who is willing to dig deep the intertextuality of literature. The comparisons more often lead to a new dimension of thought, explore hidden meaning and most importantly flourish the life in a text. As in the words of Julia Kristeva, “Any text is the absorption and transformation of another.” So, we can say literature is a process of dialogues and counter dialogue or a continuous reply of reply to the text. The stalwart of English literature of the Puritan age, John Milton (1608-1674), famously known for his masterpiece, ‘Paradise Lost’ and the Urdu literature poet Mirza Ghalib (1794-1869), both share the same kind of magnitude. When we study both the poets the grandeur, the diction, the style, the tone these poets have some magnificent impact on readers. In spite of having linguistic differences, cultural differences, religious differences their ideas are equivocally radical, phenomenal. It is not just an overnight conclusion but over the passing decades people looked upon their works and found it still majestic and stately. In the age of globalization when we study these writers closely we realize that humanity has just one race and that is humanity itself. We cannot make an analogy between the writers that how they appear same but on some context they almost react the same towards the society. In the case of John Milton when Europe was loaded with Puritan thoughts he dare to project the religious mythology in his own way, though we cannot fully understand the intention of the writer what he means by his text, the collective response was to him was a little different as William Blake argued that “he was of the Devil’s Party without knowing it. The radical views of John Milton is very much similar to Mirza Ghalib. Milton and Ghalib both belong to the same school of thought who ponder over the development of mankind. They both carry the responsibility of more a moral teacher. We can perceive the same pinch in Ghalib’s poetry, as he says, Humko Maloom hai Jannat ki Haqeeqat lekin Dil ke Khush Rakhne ko Ghalib yeh Khayal Achha hai… How Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib satirizes over the concept of heaven and even indirectly makes fun of it. The spirit of questioning over the Lordly sayings is as bitter as we find in Milton’s.

Work Stress is a challenge for banking industry as it can negatively affect job performance of employees. Work Stress may impair their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and handle complex tasks employees experience high levels of stress. This can lead to a decline in their productivity and job performance. When employees feel burned out, they may be more likely to take sick leave or seek employment elsewhere, impacting the continuity and stability of the workforce. High levels of work stress can contribute to increased absenteeism and higher turnover rates among employees. Banks rely heavily on providing quality customer service. The results of correlations and regression analysis revealed that there is negative correlations between work stress and job performance of the employees. Work stress is higher in private banks than in government banks. There was negative impact of work stress on job performance. If employees are stressed, they may become less patient, less empathetic, and less willing to go the extra mile to assist customers. This can have a negative impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to minimise the impact of work stress on the job performance of employees through proper training and development and maintaing the conducive working environment in public and private sector banks.