Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 11; November 2025

The multi-dimensional nonlinear inverse problems (MNIPs) are important problems in computational science and engineering, which involve high computation cost and stability problems. This paper suggests a computation framework to increase the efficiency and stability of the solutions to MNIPs. The framework includes high-performance numerical optimization, regularization techniques, and adaptive computation techniques, which lead to more accurate solutions at less computation time. The computation framework is based on several techniques, including likelihood-informed model reduction for reduced effective dimension, an adaptive regularization algorithm, which is regularized based upon residuals of the solution, and hybrid global-local optimization, which only uses inexpensive surrogates in the early optimization iterations. Experimental studies on benchmark MNIP problems show an increased accuracy in the solutions and computational efficiency relative to previous methods, such as the standard Levenberg-Marquardt. In the present framework, solutions were 47% better in mean squared error (MSE), and total computation time was reduced by 45% by requiring 46% fewer iterations for convergence. This combined approach leads to a computation framework for MNIPs that is robust and operationally efficient, giving improved scalability for high-dimensional or real-time applications.

This research investigates the mechanisms and impacts of digital inclusive finance on the urban - rural income gap in Hunan Province. Based on a three - dimensional index system encompassing the breadth of coverage, the depth of usage, and the degree of digitization, and utilizing time - series data from 1990 to 2023, the analysis applies a VAR model, cointegration tests, and Granger's causality tests. The empirical findings indicate that digital inclusive finance significantly narrows the urban - rural income gap, with an effect magnitude (coefficient of - 0.321) stronger than that of traditional inclusive finance, and that a long - term equilibrium relationship exists between the two. Among the dimensions, the breadth of coverage plays the most decisive role (coefficient of - 0.215), whereas the degree of digitization has a relatively weaker influence. Regional heterogeneity is also evident: the effect is most pronounced in the Changsha - Zhuzhou - Xiangtan urban agglomeration (coefficient of - 0.412) and least significant in Western Hunan (coefficient of - 0.195). Moreover, both digital infrastructure and educational attainment positively moderate the poverty reduction effect. In light of these results, the paper suggests accelerating the deployment of rural 5G, developing financial products tailored to regional circumstances, and enhancing farmers' digital literacy to promote more balanced urban - rural development.

This article re-examines the life and legacy of Tippu Tip (1832–1905) through three interrelated but underexplored dimensions: memory, cultural mediation, and environmental history. Drawing on oral traditions from the Swahili coast and the Congo Basin alongside European records, the study interrogates how Tippu Tip has been remembered across different cultural landscapes. It argues that Tippu Tip functioned not only as a commercial actor but also as a cultural mediator, diffusing Swahili-Islamic practices, reshaping identities, and bridging African, Arab, and European spheres of influence. Furthermore, the article highlights the ecological transformations precipitated by his ivory trade and large caravan networks, revealing the environmental consequences of precolonial globalization. By combining historiography, cultural analysis, and environmental perspectives, the study reframes Tippu Tip as a complex figure whose legacy exceeds the simplistic colonial portrayals of slave trading.

Illegal artisanal gold mining has been around for decades and is practiced by millions of people around the world. In Côte d'Ivoire, it is carried out by poor populations. Gold panning appears to be an effective means of combating poverty and unemployment in Koudougou. The overall objective of this work is to highlight a plan for restoring the site after exploitation by conducting a diagnosis and an assessment of the effects of mining activities with a view to proposing rehabilitation methods. The methodology is based on a field survey approach combining sampling and direct field observation. The results obtained indicate that illegal gold mining activity involves several actors including public administration executives. Although generating income, it negatively affects the health of populations and the bio-physical environments of the environment. There is a need to restore mining sites during or at the end of exploitation. As part of this study, the restoration is carried out at the end of exploitation by the Non-Governmental Organization "Agir pour l’Environnement des industries Extractives" (Acting for the Environment of Extractive Industries) which applied two types of rehabilitation including agriculture and the creation of fish ponds.

Background: Maternal mortality continues to be a global public health problem with anaemia as one of its leading causes. There have been a number of interventions and strategies targeted at preventing anaemia in pregnancy and in effect, maternal mortality in Ghana. Despite these efforts, the problem persists. This study investigated the trends in anaemia aggravated maternal mortality in Ghana and examined how these rates varied across different age groups. Objectives: This study aims to assess the trends in maternal mortality attributable to iron deficiency in Ghana and also examine variations in the trend across different age groups. Methods: A linear regression was fitted to the natural log of the maternal mortality attributed to anaemia in the Joint point Regression Program to assess the overall trends in anaemia attributed maternal mortality. Pairwise comparison tests were also performed to ascertain whether the trends in the rate of mortality were identical across different age groups. Results: In general, it was observed that the rate of anaemia aggravated maternal deaths in Ghana declined from 1990 to 2021. Meanwhile, there were observed temporal increase in the rate among women aged 30 and above with those aged below 30 not recording any temporal rise. Conclusion: Considering the variations in trend across different age groups, this study recommends that age-specific targeted interventions be introduced to combat anaemia in pregnancy and improve maternal health outcomes in Ghana.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionising healthcare by enhancing patient care, diagnosis, treatment, and management. This paper explores the diverse applications of AI in health systems, highlighting its potential to improve efficiency, accuracy, and patient outcomes while addressing the associated challenges. AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision enable the analysis of vast healthcare data for predictive analytics, personalised medicine, and disease prevention. These tools support clinicians in diagnosing and predicting diseases swiftly and accurately.Applications like virtual health assistants and predictive modelling are fostering more patient-centred care across various healthcare settings. Beyond clinical care, AI is accelerating medical research and drug development by analysing genomic data, identifying biomarkers, and modelling drug interactions, including repurposing existing drugs to address emerging health threats. Despite its promise, AI implementation faces ethical, legal, and data privacy challenges. Ensuring reliability and safety demands ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, transparency, and rigorous evaluation of AI systems. Addressing these barriers is critical to harnessing AI's full potential and integrating it responsibly into healthcare.

Aim: We all know the different dietary interactions of rheumatological diseases, but we wanted to determine what their effects on patient follow-ups and treatment protocols will be in long-term follow-ups. Introduction: The importance of diet in many different diseases is known and new effects are added every day. Developed societies, although having successfully reduced the burden of infectious disease, constitute an environment where metabolic, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases thrive. Patients that have chronic fatigue, joint pain (seasonal variability) and resistant dyspepsia symptoms have food intolerance depended auto immune disease.(FIDAD) Weight loss is frequently offered as a therapy and is aimed at improving some of the components of the metabolic syndrome. Among various diets, ketogenic diets, which are very low in carbohydrates and usually high in fats and/or proteins, have gained in popularity.Similar studies reveal a serious problem of dietary influence, shows that it can.73 of our patients were followed up for sixth years. The patients were evaluated according to their previous and subsequent symptom severity, drug use, and examination results. Material and Method: We included five disease groups in the study. The number of lines followed in the sixth year increased to 73. The symptoms and examination evaluations of the patients were performed. Patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis were treated and followed up according to the guidelines, while diet adjustments were made and follow-up was continued. Physical examination and aching joint examination, blood tests and stool analysis were performed every three months. In the follow-up of the patients, the standard treatment protocol was gradually reduced depending on the decrease in the symptoms according to the ACR disease and treatment evaluation criteria. Dietary adjustment was not interrupted in the patients. When an increase in disease activity was observed in reducing the treatment protocol, the previous protocol was returned. Treatment arrangements of the patients were arranged according to EULAR rheumatology criteria. No additions were made to the rheumatological treatment protocols of the patients with the tests performed. According to the results, the treatment protocols of the patients were reduced and discontinued. The follow-ups were continued and the controls were repeated with the same frequency. Patients were instructed to refer again when they felt a change in symptoms or pain.Additional infection treatments were performed in the controls (urinary tract infection, throat infection, etc.). Antibiotic therapy was given when necessary. Result: Nearly all patient treatment aim to collect information on the anniversary of them follow up at years 1 and 2 (year 1 = 40 /73 (54.7%); year 2 = 55/73 (75.3%), with half of the trials requesting intermediate follow- up data at 3 years (70/73 (95.8%). A similar pattern is present between years 3 and 5, with all trials collecting data annually (from year 5 = 70/73 (95.8%); from years 5 to 6 = 71/73 (97.2%) In this way, the rates of no treatment over the years were as observed in the patients who underwent a diet protocol. Discussion: Additional evidence is needed to suggest that diet is the trigger for this remission in patients. However, the fact that diet is a trigger and when it is removed, patients go into remission cannot be ignored. In order to establish a direct connection with these diseases, it must be shown that the defense cells that cause autoimmune disease originate from the same clone. Despite this, it is obvious that a drop of benefit is guiding in the follow-up and treatment of diseases. Although it is certain that more publications and research are needed, it should be considered to be added to medical treatment in cases where adequate treatment response is not obtained or in resistant cases.

Subtalar dislocation is a rare but serious traumatic injury, frequently complicated by talar necrosis and a consequent poor prognosis. We report a case of an anteromedial talo–naviculo–calcaneal dislocation. Closed reduction was performed in the emergency department under sedation using external maneuvers. Treatment consisted of six weeks of immobilization followed by a structured rehabilitation program. Post-reduction imaging revealed no associated fractures. At the 18-month follow-up, the patient had a stable and pain-free ankle, with no radiological evidence of osteonecrosis.

Background & Objective: Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves bone remodeling influenced by mechanical forces and inflammation. Managing periodontally compromised patients is challenging, and MMP-8 serves as a key biomarker of periodontal response. The impact of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health in periodontally compromised patients has consistently been a subject of debate. Hence, this study aims to evaluate and compare periodontal status and salivary MMP-8 levels during OTM in individuals with healthy and compromised periodontium. Materials and Methods: 24 orthodontic patients (18–30 years) were divided into Group A (healthy periodontium) and Group B (compromised periodontium). Periodontal parameters—Bleeding on Probing (BoP), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)—were assessed at baseline, before initiation of OTM and at 3, 6, and 9 months during OTM. Salivary MMP-8 levels were measured using ELISA at baseline and after alignment. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate alveolar bone levels in Group B at baseline and 9 months. Results: Both groups showed improvement in periodontal parameters, indicating stability during orthodontic treatment. Both groups showed transient increases in MMP-8, reflecting physiological tissue remodeling. CBCT revealed minor bone changes in Group B without compromising periodontal integrity. Conclusion: Orthodontic tooth movement when preceded by thorough periodontal management and supported by meticulous oral hygiene and controlled forces, can be safely and effectively performed in both healthy and compromised periodontium, underscoring the efficacy of an integrated perio ortho approach in achieving optimal periodontal outcomes.

La conservation du maïs demeure un enjeu majeur en Guinée, où les pertes post récolte dues à Sitophiluszeamais peuvent dépasser 40 %, compromettant la sécurité alimentaire et la qualité des semences. Les insecticides de synthèse, bien qu’efficaces, posent des risques sanitaires et environnementaux, d’où l’intérêt croissant pour les biopesticides d’origine végétale comme le neem (Azadirachta indica). Cette étude conduite à Faranah avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’extraits de différentes parties du neem a été évaluée dans la protection des grains de maïs. Cinq traitements ont été comparés : un témoin positif (Sarsa-super, T0), les poudres de graines (T1), péricarpe des fruits (T2), feuilles (T3) et écorces (T4), appliquées sur 4 kg de maïs infesté artificiellement par 20 adultes de Sitophilus zeamais. Les observations ont porté sur la pureté, le taux d’infestation, la perte de poids, la mortalité des insectes et le pouvoir germinatif des graines. Les résultats montrent que les extraits de graines (T1) et de péricarpes (T2) ont significativement réduit les infestations (39 %) et les pertes de poids (0,1 %), tout en maintenant une pureté élevée (87 %) et un pouvoir germinatif comparable au témoin (89 %). Les extraits d’écorces (T4) ont été moins performants, probablement en raison d’une faible teneur en métabolites bioactifs. En conclusion, les extraits de neem, notamment ceux issus des grains (T1 et T2), représentent une alternative écologique, économique et durable aux insecticides chimiques pour la gestion post récolte du maïs, contribuant à la réduction des pertes et à la préservation de la qualité semencière.

Background: Recent research highlights the neuroinflammatory basis of Schizophrenia with an intrigue into biomarkers for schizophrenia. The involvement of immunological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients with a blunted type 1 (i.e., IL-2, gamma interferon, IL-12 and TNF-β) and an increased type 2 cytokine pattern (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) has been seen. Aim: To assess the baseline immunological parameters in drug naïve patients of schizophrenia, compare the levels of interleukins-2,6 and 8 in patients on clozapine and risperidone at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and study their correlation with clinical response. Material and methods: It was a prospective, randomized, and comparative study. Patients with ICD 11 diagnosis of Schizophrenia were randomized to receive either clozapine or risperidone after baseline assessment of socio- demographic and clinical parameters, baseline blood investigations, immunoglobulins and estimation of interleukin (IL-2, 6 and 8) levels. Levels of interleukins were reassessed at 6 weeks and 12 weeks along with application of PANSS and Glasgow antipsychotic side effect check list. Results: 54 of 65 patients completed the study; 30 patients in clozapine group and 24 in risperidone group. A significant rise was seen in IL-2 levels over 12 weeks. There was decrease in IL-6 levels which correlated with the decrease in positive symptoms at week 12. IL-8 had a negative correlation with the general psychopathology score at week 6 which continued till week 12. Risperidone did not have a significant alteration in the interleukin levels over the 12 weeks. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the elevated cytokine levels (IL-6) at baseline in both clozapine and risperidone groups validate the inflammatory basis of schizophrenia and may be used as the state marker for schizophrenia.

The 2025 edition of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has raised the recommended vitamin D intake from 5.5 micrograms to 9.0 micrograms. The reason for this is that more and more people are taking measured to protect themselves from the sun on a daily basis, and also to prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a new food product (disaster food or space food) using wood ear mushrooms, which are known to be high in vitamin D. First, we began by analyzing how much vitamin D and calcium wood ear mushrooms contain, and we report on this. We requested the Japan Food Research Laboratories, Nagoya branch. To measure the vitamin D and calcium contents of commercially available Chinese wood ear mushrooms and wood ear mushrooms cultivated using commercially available Japanese mushroom beds. As a result, the vitamin D content of commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 83.5 µg/100g, and the calcium content was 108mg/100g. The vitamin D content of cultivated wood ear mushrooms was below the detection limit (0.7 µg/100g or less), and the calcium content was 49.5mg/100g. Vitamin D is not only required to be taken together with calcium to prevent osteoporosis, but is also an important nutrient because it regulates immune function, inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation, and suppresses inflammation. However, this analysis has revealed that the foods we eat, thinking we are getting vitamin D, may actually contain no vitamin D or only trace amounts. In the development of future disaster and space food, it is necessary to clarify the nutritional analysis values of the wood ear mushrooms to be used before processing them into food.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are enzymes involved in the oxidation of polyphenols into quinones under the action of molecular oxygen, causing certain vegetables to brown. They also participate in essential biological processes such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and plant defense systems. Faced with agricultural challenges, including the proliferation of pests, the harmful effects of chemical inputs on the production chain, and the short shelf life of eggplants, the search for sustainable solutions is intensifying. This study aims to evaluate the impact of combining castor meal and castor oil on improving the nutritional and enzymatic properties of eggplants. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design (4x4), with four treatments: a negative control, the application of cake (1.9 t/ha), castor oil (5 l/ha), and a combination of the two (0.95 t/ha + 2.5 l/ha). Analysis of the results reveals that the fiber content of the fruit reached 7.45% for the control, followed by 7.02% for castor oil, and 6.68% and 6.85% for oil alone and the meal-oil combination, respectively. In terms of protein, castor meal achieved 21.26%, compared to 17.55% for castor oil, while the meal-oil mixture and the negative control showed 13.30% and 0.18% respectively. In terms of enzyme activity, castor oil induced peroxidase of 15.18 IU, while the other treatments showed values of 11.95 IU (control), 10.96 IU (cake-oil) and 10.15 IU (cake alone). The polyphenol oxidase rate was slightly higher in the control (12.15 IU) and lower with the meal-castor oil combination (11.97 IU). The integration of meal and castor oil into eggplant cultivation is therefore an innovative approach to optimizing the nutritional value of the fruit while enhancing peroxidase activity and reducing polyphenol oxidase activity.

Peri-implant soft tissue management is a critical determinant of long-term dental implant success, influencing esthetics, biological stability, and patient comfort. While early implantology prioritized osseointegration, contemporary evidence emphasizes the importance of keratinized mucosa width, mucosal thickness, and soft tissue contour in preventing inflammation, marginal bone loss, and mucosal recession. Autogenous grafts such as free gingival grafts (FGG) and subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) remain the gold standard for soft tissue augmentation, whereas acellular dermal matrices, collagen scaffolds, and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) provide effective alternatives with reduced morbidity. Proper surgical technique, including meticulous flap design, vascular preservation, and biologically guided prosthetic planning, is essential for maintaining peri-implant tissue health. Digital technologies, minimally invasive approaches, and phenotype-based planning further enhance esthetic and functional outcomes. Integrating these strategies ensures predictable long-term stability, optimal esthetic results, and improved patient satisfaction, highlighting soft tissue management as a cornerstone of modern implant therapy.

Purpose and Design: This research develops an empirical accounting and legislative framework for integrated financial, tax, and sustainability disclosure to enhance Egypt’s economic competitiveness, governance, and alignment with global best practices. It is designed as an applied comparative study combining legal, accounting, and institutional perspectives. Method and Approach A mixed-methods approach was employed, including: • Content analysis of Egyptian laws and accounting regulations related to financial, tax, and ESG reporting. • Comparative analysis of successful disclosure frameworks in developed countries, particularly the EU’s CSRD and South Korea’s DART system. • Empirical data collection through surveys and expert interviews with 204 respondents from Egyptian enterprises and regulatory bodies. Findings: The study reveals significant fragmentation and inefficiencies in Egypt’s current financial, tax, and ESG disclosure landscape, leading to legal uncertainty and high compliance costs. Results demonstrate that adopting an integrated accounting and legislative framework, supported by a unified digital platform, can significantly enhance: • Transparency and investor confidence. • Access to sustainable finance. • Alignment with global sustainability standards. A draft legislative proposal is presented, detailing articles, institutional roles, penalties, and phased implementation strategies. Originality and Value: This research represents one of the first comprehensive accounting and legislative frameworks for integrated disclosure in the Egyptian context. It bridges theoretical models with practical regulatory reforms, providing empirical evidence and a legislative blueprint applicable to other emerging economies. Theoretical, Practical, and Social Implications • Theoretically: enriches stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and institutional theory within disclosure regulation. • Practically: offers policymakers and accountants a roadmap to modernize Egypt’s disclosure framework. • Socially: promotes trust, transparency, and sustainable development in line with Vision 2030.

Artificial Intelligence Chatbots have become cutting-edge technologies for language learning, providing personalized and interactive experiences for students. Specifically in English oral proficiency, AI chatbots offer opportunities for improved speaking practice, feedback, and language acquisition. Objective: This study investigates undergraduate students’ perceptions of AI chatbots’ abilities to improve English oral proficiency among non-English majors. Method: A sample of 230 undergraduate students of non-English majors was selected. The research employedsurvey method,utilizing questionnaire. Findings: The quantitative analysis revealed that 71.9% of participants viewed learning effectiveness and language fluency as being strongly and positively correlated (r = .719), indicating that improvements in fluency coincide with enhanced learning outcomes; 82.7% demonstrated a very strong positive correlation between learning effectiveness and usability of AI Chatbots (r = .827), emphasizing how crucial user-friendly interfaces are to maximizing educational opportunities. Most participants agreed that AI chatbots are useful for language acquisition. However, they identified several areas for improvement such as addressing feelings of nervousness, enhancing control over the learning process, and diversifying conversation topics to increase enjoyment and effectiveness. Novelty: Despite significant progress in AI technology, there remains a considerable lack of research on learners’ views about using AI chatbots to improve their English speaking skills. Moreover, few investigations have assessed the influence of communication facilitated by chatbots on developing linguistic competence. The study’s findings show that AI chatbots have enormous potential in improving English oral proficiency among undergraduate students.

L’aumône faite aux mendiants est une vielle pratique observée dans toutes les sociétés à travers le monde. Cette pratique est également observée dans les rues de la ville de Ouagadougou. Les carrefours des avenues, la devanture des mosquées, des églises, les parking des établissements bancaires et des épiceries, les stations d’essence, etc., sont des lieux privilégiés par les mendiants. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner la capacité de l’aumône à relever la personne mendiante. À travers la théorie de l’interactionnisme, une approche qualitative a été adoptée pour observer les interactions entre les différents acteurs qui interviennent dans le circuit de l’aumône. Trois types de matériaux ont été combinés, à savoir, l’entretien approfondi semi-directif, l’observation directe, et les sources documentaires. Le travail de terrain a permis d’échanger avec trente-huit (38) personnes : 17 personnes mendiantes, 7 marabouts/maîtres coraniques, 3 leaders religieux et 11 citadins pris au hasard. Les entretiens réalisés ont été littéralement transcrits et analysés suivant la technique d’analyse de contenu. Les résultats mettent en exergue d’abord les pratiques et représentations socioculturelles de l’aumône faite aux mendiants. Il ressort que l’aumône est perçue à la fois comme une obligation religieuse, une forme de protection sociale, un geste de solidarité rapprochant riches et pauvres à travers la redistribution des richesses. Ensuite, le deuxième résultat souligne le marché de l’aumône qui, comme tout marché, dévoilent les acteurs qui nourrissent le système : les donateurs qui échangent les biens matériels (en espèce ou en nature) contre des biens immatériels (grâces, bénédictions, santé, protection). Derrière le donateur et le mendiant, il y a les leaders religieux, les marabouts et voyants qui encouragent ou prescrivent des sacrifices intégrant l’aumône aux mendiants. Enfin, le troisième résultat relève que l’aumône n’est qu’un cercle vicieux de la misère au regard des revenus de la mendicité qui sont précaires et aléatoires et donc  une activité qui ne pourrait enrichir celui qui s’y emploie.

Cette étude porte sur les enjeux et défis de l’appropriation des médias sociaux par les entreprises publiques au Burkina Faso. Elle met l’accent sur l’intégration des éléments culturels locaux dans la communication numérique comme facteur d’efficacité, de proximité et de performance organisationnelle. Dans un contexte marqué par la pluralité linguistique et symbolique, les entreprises publiques doivent adapter leurs stratégies de communication à la diversité culturelle de leurs usagers afin d’assurer la légitimité et la portée de leurs messages. L’article a pour objectif d’analyser les enjeux et les effets de l’intégration des éléments culturels locaux dans l’appropriation des médias sociaux par les entreprises publiques du Burkina Faso. La question de recherche s’interroge sur comment l’intégration des éléments culturels locaux dans la communication numérique peut contribuer à améliorer la performance et la légitimité des entreprises publiques au Burkina Faso avec une méthode mixte à dominante, structurée autour d’entretiens semi-directifs, de l’analyse de contenu et de la triangulation des sources. Il ressort quel’appropriation des référents culturels dans les campagnes numériques est encore limitée. La plupart des entreprises publiques ont une faible intégration des éléments culturels dans leur communication numérique.L’étude révèle cependant une prise de conscience progressive de l’importance de l’adaptation culturelle comme levier d’engagement citoyen, de cohésion symbolique et d’amélioration de la performance organisationnelle. Elle plaide pour une stratégie nationale de communication publique interculturelle, fondée sur l’usage des langues nationales, la valorisation des identités locales et la co-construction des contenus numériques avec les communautés.

This paper explores a comparative study of John Milton and Mirza Ghalib, two poetic giants who, despite belonging to distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, share a common spirit of rebellion and introspection. Through a close reading of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Deewan-e-Ghalib, this study investigates how both poets question divine authority, confront moral contradictions, and reinterpret religious dogma in light of human experience. While Milton’s Puritan worldview seeks to justify divine justice through reason and scripture, Ghalib’s Urdu poetry expresses an existential skepticism toward the same cosmic order. The analysis reveals how both poets transform theological discourse into a humanistic quest for freedom, positioning poetry as a dialogue between the finite and the infinite. The topic Comparative Literature in itself offers a broader range of research to a student who is willing to dig deep the intertextuality of literature. The comparisons more often lead to a new dimension of thought, explore hidden meaning and most importantly flourish the life in a text. As in the words of Julia Kristeva, “Any text is the absorption and transformation of another.” So, we can say literature is a process of dialogues and counter dialogue or a continuous reply of reply to the text. The stalwart of English literature of the Puritan age, John Milton (1608-1674), famously known for his masterpiece, ‘Paradise Lost’ and the Urdu literature poet Mirza Ghalib (1794-1869), both share the same kind of magnitude. When we study both the poets the grandeur, the diction, the style, the tone these poets have some magnificent impact on readers. In spite of having linguistic differences, cultural differences, religious differences their ideas are equivocally radical, phenomenal. It is not just an overnight conclusion but over the passing decades people looked upon their works and found it still majestic and stately. In the age of globalization when we study these writers closely we realize that humanity has just one race and that is humanity itself. We cannot make an analogy between the writers that how they appear same but on some context they almost react the same towards the society. In the case of John Milton when Europe was loaded with Puritan thoughts he dare to project the religious mythology in his own way, though we cannot fully understand the intention of the writer what he means by his text, the collective response was to him was a little different as William Blake argued that “he was of the Devil’s Party without knowing it. The radical views of John Milton is very much similar to Mirza Ghalib. Milton and Ghalib both belong to the same school of thought who ponder over the development of mankind. They both carry the responsibility of more a moral teacher. We can perceive the same pinch in Ghalib’s poetry, as he says, Humko Maloom hai Jannat ki Haqeeqat lekin Dil ke Khush Rakhne ko Ghalib yeh Khayal Achha hai… How Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib satirizes over the concept of heaven and even indirectly makes fun of it. The spirit of questioning over the Lordly sayings is as bitter as we find in Milton’s.

Work Stress is a challenge for banking industry as it can negatively affect job performance of employees. Work Stress may impair their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and handle complex tasks employees experience high levels of stress. This can lead to a decline in their productivity and job performance. When employees feel burned out, they may be more likely to take sick leave or seek employment elsewhere, impacting the continuity and stability of the workforce. High levels of work stress can contribute to increased absenteeism and higher turnover rates among employees. Banks rely heavily on providing quality customer service. The results of correlations and regression analysis revealed that there is negative correlations between work stress and job performance of the employees. Work stress is higher in private banks than in government banks. There was negative impact of work stress on job performance. If employees are stressed, they may become less patient, less empathetic, and less willing to go the extra mile to assist customers. This can have a negative impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to minimise the impact of work stress on the job performance of employees through proper training and development and maintaing the conducive working environment in public and private sector banks.

Digital platforms have emerged as powerful tools for governance. Mizoram, situated in the Northeastern region of India bordering Myanmar and Bangladesh comprise of strong oral traditions and community-based political practices, this transition marks a significant paradigm shift in how political discourse is constructed, framed and disseminated. This study explores the evolving nature of political communication through a focused content analysis of social media handles managed by the state government. The research investigates how state agencies, particularly the Information, Public Relations, Printing and Stationery Department and the Chief Minister’s official social media accounts, employ social media platforms to shape public opinion, promote policy narratives and engage citizens. Using qualitative content analysis approach, the study categorises based on tone, message type, visual symbolism and thematic framing across key governance areas such as development, identity politics, crisis response and cultural representation. Grounded in the theories of Habermas’s public sphere theory and platformisation theory, the study critically examines how digital communication alters traditional participatory structures. The shift from grassroots oral discourse to centralized, curated messaging that often blends bureaucratic efficiency with cultural symbolism tailored to resonate with Mizo identity. While this has improved accessibility and visibility of political content, the study also uncovers gaps particularly in inclusivity, digital literacy and the marginalization of rural voices in the digital public sphere. Citizen’s response patterns reflected to comments, shares and discourse tone on social media reveal evolving expectations around transparency, accountability and representation. The study recommends a culturally contextualized and inclusive digital strategy for political communication in Mizoram. By aligning technological advancement with local traditions, linguistic diversity and community norms with government agencies can be more effectively engage with the public to foster trust and strengthen democratic participation. The study contributes to the broader understanding of how regional governments in culturally complex societies can adapt digital tools for democratic renewal without compromising traditional values.