Xanthium strumarium L., commonly known as Cocklebur, is a widely distributed medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Traditionally used across Asia, Europe, and the Americas, it has gained attention for its therapeutic potential in treating ailments such as rhinitis, headaches, fever, and skin conditions. This review comprehensively explores the plant’s traditional uses, botanical characteristics, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicological aspects. The plant contains a wide spectrum of bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids, which contribute to its reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antitussive, and anticancer effects. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo research, clinical validation remains limited. Furthermore, most studies have focused on the fruits, while other plant parts remain underexplored. This paper emphasizes the need for detailed pharmacokinetic studies, safety assessments, and clinical trials to validate traditional claims and fully realize the therapeutic potential of X. strumarium. The findings underscore its promise as a valuable natural resource for the development of plant-based pharmaceuticals.
