Table of Contents: Volume 18; Issue 05; May, 2026

This research paper focuses on reducing agricultural losses caused by changing climatic and environmental conditions, which often result in unsuitable crop selection for cultivation on a particular land area. Machine Learning ML is a significant methodology for accomplishing the reasonable and compelling answers for this disadvantage. In India farmers still follow the traditional techno logy which they adopted from their ancestors. But the problem is that in the earliest time climate was very healthy everything happened on time. But now most of the things have been changed due to global warming and many other factors. The leading annoyance with agribusiness in India is the shortage of rainfall in seasonal periods. Humidity is also required for production, though it has been unreasonable, it also transforms as a weakness. Accurateness of harvest price forecasting strategies plays an important function in encouraging market characteristics such as direction and collection. Harvest Yield Prediction technique includes foreseeing yield of the harvest from reachable historical and possible data like climate parameter, soil parameter and yield prediction. Machine learning algorithms are applied and we get best predicted results through a web application. This Project is an attempt of predicting the outcome of harvest supported the current data by using of RFA Random Forest Algorithm and Back Propagation. The expectation can make the farmer to foresee the yield of harvest before developing onto the agribusiness zone.

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a transformative technology in academic libraries, significantly changing library operations, information retrieval, and research support services. This paper examines the evolution of AI applications in academic libraries, from early automation systems to modern generative AI technologies. It highlights major AI applications such as intelligent cataloguing, chatbots, natural language processing, recommender systems, machine learning, plagiarism detection, and research analytics. The study also discusses the benefits, challenges, ethical concerns, and future trends associated with AI adoption in libraries. The findings indicate that AI improves operational efficiency, enhances user experience, and enables personalized research support services. However, issues such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, digital ethics, and governance remain significant concerns. The paper further emphasizes the evolving role of librarians as facilitators, digital literacy educators, and guides in responsible AI usage. With the support of AI technologies, librarians can transform academic libraries into intelligent knowledge hubs that promote AI literacy, innovation, and advanced research support.

Against the backdrop of global energy transition, solar absorption refrigeration faces both opportunities and challenges. Currently, single-effect and double-effect systems using water-lithium bromide as the working pair dominate, but they suffer from issues such as crystallization, corrosion, and low energy efficiency. New working pairs like ionic liquids are limited by high viscosity and cost. The technology has a small application scale, with market penetration below 3%, investment costs more than three times those of electric refrigeration, payback periods exceeding nine years, and research primarily focused on regions with high solar irradiance.Vacuum tubes are suitable for medium- and low-temperature single-effect configurations, while troughs are better suited for high-temperature double-effect setups.Due to significant fluctuations in radiation and time-consuming thermal storage, it is recommended to accelerate the engineering validation of new working fluids, develop absorption-compression hybrid cycles, promote multi-grade energy coupling, and conduct field studies across different climate zones.

The utilization of agricultural and forestry residues represents a sustainable approach to the production of low-cost adsorbent materials. This study focuses on the preparation and characterization of activated carbons derived from corn cobs and wood sawdust. The carbonization and activation processes yielded porous materials with a high specific surface area and a good distribution of micropores and mesopores. The corn cob-based activated carbon exhibits a high iodine index (810.19 mg/g), indicative of high microporosity. With an ash content of 3.94% and a yield of 35%, this material stands out for its stability and effectiveness. The wood sawdust-based activated carbon has a high iodine index (600.34 mg/g), indicating good microporosity. It is characterized by an ash content of 3.11% and a yield of 28%. The physicochemical analyses conducted showed that the observed differences are related to the nature of the biomass. The results obtained open up prospects for improved pollutant adsorption and the reduction of the environmental impact of biomass waste.

Begging remains a persistent social issue in many urban areas of India, particularly around religious sites where almsgiving is a common practice. The present study explores the causes of begging among urban Beggars in Kolkata through a case study approach. Seven case studies were conducted among Beggars residing around selected Temples and Mazars of Kolkata. The findings reveal that begging is often the outcome of multiple interconnected factors such as poverty, old age, widowhood, family neglect, unemployment, disability, gender-based discrimination, exploitation, and intergenerational transmission of begging as a livelihood strategy. The study further highlights the role of religious places as both economic and psychological support systems for marginalized individuals. The results suggest that begging should be understood as a consequence of structural vulnerabilities rather than individual choice alone. Effective interventions require comprehensive social security measures, elderly welfare programs, gender-sensitive rehabilitation and improved livelihood opportunities for vulnerable populations.

Background: Cancer encompasses a heterogeneous group of non-communicable diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation that can arise in virtually any organ. Globally, the burden is projected to reach approximately 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million deaths by 2030. Among these malignancies, colorectal cancer which originating in the colon or rectum, remains one of the most prevalent forms. Varying treatments for colorectal cancer ranging from surgery to chemotherapy are used, which are expensive with low efficacy. Active components from organic materials i.e., marine algae could be utilized as alternative treatment for cancer. One of these marine algae is the red algae species of Gracilaria sp., that is known as a producer of biologically active phytochemicals. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical profile and in vitro cytotoxic properties of the red algae Gracilaria sp. against HT-29 colon cancer cells. Methods: Cleaned and dried Gracilaria sp. biomass was finely pulverized into powder. Sequential multistage maceration was then performed using solvents of increasing polarity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, yielding the corresponding n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts, respectively. These extracts were subsequently subjected to phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to characterize their secondary metabolite profiles, followed by evaluation of their cytotoxic activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells using the MTT assay. Results: Seaweed Gracilaria sp. contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. All extracts exhibited measurable cytotoxic effects against HT-29 colon cancer cells. The ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 53.32 μg/mL. In contrast, the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts displayed comparatively weak cytotoxicity, with IC₅₀ values of 107.58 μg/mL and 180.65 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Red algae of Glacilaria sp. should be further investigated as a new candidate of anti-colon cancer agent.

Introduction: Laparoscopic simple nephrectomy can be performed via transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approaches. The influence of surgical approach on early postoperative recovery remains under discussion. Material and methods: This retrospective comparative study included 50 patients undergoing laparoscopic simple nephrectomy between January 2025 and December 2025. Patients were divided into two groups: transperitoneal (n = 25) and retroperitoneal (n = 25). All procedures were performed by a single surgeon using a standardized technique. Outcomes analyzed included operative time, blood loss, time to oral intake, bowel recovery, postoperative pain (VAS), hospital stay, and cosmetic satisfaction. Results: The retroperitoneal approach demonstrated significantly faster bowel recovery (1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 days; p < 0.001), earlier oral intake (1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 days; p < 0.001), lower postoperative pain scores (VAS day 1: 3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 4.5 ± 1.0; p < 0.001), and shorter hospital stay (2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 4.0 ± 1.1 days; p < 0.001). Cosmetic satisfaction was significantly higher in the retroperitoneal group (p = 0.002). Operative time and blood loss were comparable. Conclusions: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy is associated with faster recovery, reduced pain, and superior cosmetic outcomes compared to the transperitoneal approach.

Background: The root canal morphology of mandibular second premolars shows considerable anatomical variability, creating challenges during endodontic treatment. Among these variations, the C-shaped canal configuration is a rare but clinically significant anomaly that may be overlooked during routine diagnosis. Its occurrence in lingually tilted mandibular second premolars further complicates canal identification and treatment planning. Methods: This article reviews the incidence, classification, etiology, and clinical implications of C-shaped canals in mandibular second premolars through relevant literature and rare case reports. Diagnostic methods, including conventional radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), were evaluated for their role in detecting complex canal anatomy. Results: C-shaped canals in mandibular second premolars were found to be uncommon but clinically important because of their complex morphology and variable presentation. Lingually tilted premolars posed additional challenges in access preparation and canal negotiation. Conventional radiographs often failed to provide sufficient diagnostic information, whereas CBCT offered accurate three-dimensional visualization of the canal configuration, enabling better diagnosis and treatment planning. Conclusion: C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular second premolars are rare anatomical variations that require careful evaluation for successful endodontic management. CBCT significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy and aids clinicians in identifying complex canal systems, particularly in lingually tilted premolar.

Rita El Khayat est psychiatre-psychanalyste, conférencière dans plusieurs universités en Italie, aux États-Unis, en Jordanie… , auteure de nombreux ouvrages. Elle consacre ses recherches à la féminité, à la science et à la modernité. Son expérience de psychiatre irrigue son écriture littéraire et artistique. Son expérience clinique de psychiatre a nourri son œuvre romanesque, poétique et picturale, en lui offrant une matière humaine et existentielle d’une rare intensité. Sa pratique psychiatrique devient source d’art vu le nombre de cas qu’elle reçoit dans différentes contrées . De ses consultations et même de sa vie privée, jaillissent des gerbes de vie qui se transforment en vers et en récits. En lisant ‘’La folie El-Hank Casablanca’’, ‘’La beauté des vieilles femmes : amour et sexualité chez les femmes âgées’’, ‘’Le Désenfantement’’… , en regardant ses tableaux ou lors d’un débat, se reflètent des voix multiples de souffrance et de résilience.

In our previous paper (2025: Akitaka Kojima & Naomi Katayama), we reported, based on analytical values obtained from the Japan Food Research Laboratories, that wood ear mushrooms are an effective food source for calcium and vitamin D intake. However, the vitamin D value for cultivated wood ear mushrooms obtained from the Japan Food Research Laboratories in the previous report was shown as the sum of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Therefore, we again requested the Japan Food Research Laboratories to confirm the vitamin D2 and D3 values in past wood ear mushroom analyses. As a result, dried wood ear mushrooms from China (commercially available dried wood ear mushrooms purchased at the supermarket AEON) had a vitamin D2 value of 83.5 µg/100g and a vitamin D3 value of less than 3 µg/100g. Furthermore, finely powdered dried wood ear mushrooms from China, ground using a grinder (Iwatani Millser), showed a vitamin D2 value of 93.3 µg/100g and a vitamin D3 value of less than 3 µg/100g. Coarse powder showed a vitamin D2 value of 106 µg/100g and a vitamin D3 value of less than 10 µg/100g. similarly, dried wood mushroom ears from China, after being cooked (boiled for 2 hours), showed a vitamin D2 value of 6.3 µg/100g and a vitamin D3 value of less than 0.7 µg/100g. From these results, it was found that the vitamin D contained in wood ear mushrooms is mainly vitamin D2, and that it is highly likely that more vitamin D2 can be obtained through ultraviolet irradiation.

Atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDL) is a low grade malignant adipocytic tumor notorious for local recurrence and frequent misdiagnosis as benign lipoma. We describe a complex and unusual case of a 49 year old female with a long standing, recurrent posterior thigh and popliteal fossa mass initially reported as multiple lipomas. Over time, the lesion demonstrated progressive growth, indeterminate imaging, and equivocal core biopsies, ultimately revealing features of ALT/WDL on repeat histopathology and PET CECT evaluation. The tumor showed extensive involvement of the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, proximal leg, and intramuscular extension into the biceps femoris, closely abutting major neurovascular structures. A multidisciplinary tumor board approach guided management, and the patient underwent successful limb salvage surgery with complete excision of all tumor components. This case highlights the diagnostic pitfalls of large and recurrent adipocytic tumors, the importance of repeated histopathological correlation, and the surgical challenges of managing deep seated liposarcomas in anatomically critical regions.

Background: Patients in resource limited setup have limited access to preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The study aims to assess the relationship between maximum size of the primary tumor and baseline serum CEA with AJCC primary tumor stage (T) and nodal staging (N). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 67 rectal cancer patients, treated at a tertiary care centre was undertaken. Patients were evaluated for clinical profile and treatment details. Ordinal regression was employed to assess relationship between maximum size of the primary tumor, serum CEA and AJCC ‘T’ and ‘N’ staging. Results: Nearly 49% (n=33) patients presented in stage III, 66% (n=44) patients underwent abdominal perineal resection (APR), 46% (n=31) patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy while 21% (n=14) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The mean size of primary tumor (cm) and serum CEA (ng/ml) for the study participants was 5.47 (2-9) and 16.98 (0-112) respectively. For every one unit increase in maximum size of the primary tumor, there is a 0.437 times increase in the odds of the tumor upstaging (p=0.003). If the serum CEA increases by one unit, there is 0.011 times increase in the odds of number of positive nodes (p=0.049). Conclusions: Maximum size of the primary tumor and serum CEA were significant predictor of ‘T’ stage and ‘N’ stage respectively. In resource limited settings where affordability and accessibility to MRI limits accurate preoperative rectal cancer staging, maximum size of the primary tumor and serum CEA can complement CT findings for clinical staging and neoadjuvant treatment decisions.

While regular exercise is essential for maintaining heart health, overexertion in the gym can lead to potential cardiovascular problems. By leveraging the power of technology, gym enthusiasts can undergo thorough health evaluations from the comfort of their homes on smartphones, contributing to a more personalized and proactive approach to fitness management. (1)A methodological study was conducted using modified Delphi technique to develop web-based health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers. From the extensive review of literature, a preliminary draft of health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers was prepared and given to 19 panelists to evaluate content in 2 Delphi rounds. The final draft was formatted into google form and face validity also was assessed by the experts. Reliability was calculated by assessing internal consistency using Cronbach alpha, by applying it on 20 gym goers. Usability was tested by obtaining responses via questionnaire (Google form) from same participants on the basis of 10 evaluatory parameters. The mean I-CVI (Item-CVI) scores of web-based health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers in Delphi round 1&2 were 0.99 & 1 respectively. S-CVI/ Avg (Scale CVI/Average) were 0.99 & 1 in Delphi round 1& 2 respectively. SCVI/UA (S-CVI/Universal Agreement) improved from 0.96 to 1 in Delphi round 1& 2 respectively. All 19 experts expressed that google form had a logically ordered format and readable. The font size and response format were appropriate. Reliability of web-based health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers was calculated as r=0.77 using Cronbach alpha. Usability of web-based health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers revealed that it increases awareness about importance of healthy and safe practices among gym goers and helpful in reducing complications related to heart. The study concluded that the web-based health assessment and healthy heart instructions for gym goers is a valid and reliable instrument for increasing awareness about importance of healthy and safe practices among gym goers and helpful in reducing complications related to heart.

The perennial plant Luffa acutangula (Cucurbitaceae) is used extensively in the traditional Indian medical system to cure a variety of ailments. It is mostly found in India, Southeast Asia, China, Japan, Egypt, and other regions of Africa. Koshataki (Luffa acutangula) has long been valued for its ability to treat ailments like Gulma (abdominal tumors), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kamala (jaundice), Kushtha (skin problems), etc. It has been mentioned for preparation of Kshar by Acharya Sushruta. Therapeutic applications of Koshataki is supported by contemporary phytochemical research, which has identified more than 50 bioactive substances, including as flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones, etc. The plant has strong antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities, according to pharmacological research. The phytochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal potential of the plant are outlined in this paper.

Introduction: Brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae (BC AVF) are often preferred over distal fistulae in patients with borderline cephalic veins due to higher reported maturation rates. However, they are associated with increased complications and early utilization of proximal venous access. This study evaluates whether high radiocephalic (RC) AVF with technical modifications can achieve comparable outcomes. Material and methods: This retrospective comparative study included 50 patients with cephalic vein diameter 1.5–2 mm between January 2025 and December 2025. Patients were divided into two groups: High RC AVF (n=25), constructed using modified side-to-side anastomosis with selective intraoperative vein dilatation, and BC AVF (n=25), created using standard end-to-side technique. Primary outcome was functional maturation at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes included time to maturation, complications, and need for secondary intervention. Results: Maturation rates were comparable between groups (72% vs 80%, p=0.51). The mean time to maturation was longer in the High RC group (44.2 ± 8.6 vs 38.5 ± 7.9 days, p=0.03). Overall complication rate was significantly lower in the High RC group (12% vs 36%, p=0.04). No cases of steal syndrome were observed in the High RC group. Conclusions: High RC AVF using optimized surgical techniques provides comparable maturation outcomes to BC AVF in borderline veins, with fewer complications and better preservation of proximal access.

End-of-life care (EOLC) represents a critical and often overlooked aspect of healthcare that focuses on providing comfort and dignity to individuals nearing the end of their lives. A peaceful and dignified death is the right of every person with a life-limiting illness. A ‘good death’ can be an outcome of a holistic approach towards the patients, taking into account their wishes, cultural background, ethical considerations alongside symptom management. Despite the high death rate due to chronic terminal illnesses, India seemingly lacks the capacity to provide end-of-life care (EOLC). As per the Economist Intelligence Unit report in 2015 India ranks 67th out of 80 countries which were studied for quality of death. The major factors that act as a barrier for practicing EOLC in developing countries include failure to recognize EOLC as a requirement of public health, lack of related systematic data, and lack of a national-level policy. To top it off legal ambiguity further deters physicians from initiating EOLC discussions, resulting in the initiation and continuation of invasive life-sustaining procedures at end-of-life. However, the duty of care for the physician is bound not only by the national laws but also the principles of professional ethics (autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice). The physician bears the duty to save a patient’s life, but this duty does not mean continuing a potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment which can further increase the suffering of the patient and their caregivers. This type of care goes beyond the traditional curative model, prioritizing symptom relief, pain management, and psychosocial support for both patients and their families. Despite the advancements in healthcare systems worldwide, the provision of quality EOLC remains still inadequate in our country India. Moreover, the issue of inadequate EOLC is particularly significant in our country because of growing burden of chronic diseases and terminal illnesses, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and heart disease. However, the challenges such as resource limitations, cultural barriers, and insufficient training for healthcare professionals are making these decisions further difficult. Hence the need for well-structured and compassionate end-of-life care has become even more urgent. Although there have been efforts to address these issues through national guidelines and institutional policies, there remains a significant gap between what is recommended and what is practiced. The All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), one of the leading healthcare institutions in India, has developed a comprehensive policy on End-of-Life Care. We have used this policy as a gold standard for making our EOLC decisions. (Annexure – 1) This policy addresses the issue in four parts: (i) recognition of potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment by physicians, (ii) consensus among all caregivers on potentially non-beneficial or harmful treatment and initiation of the best supportive care pathway, (iii) initiation of EOLC pathways, and (iv) symptom management and ongoing supportive care until death. This policy outlines best practices in symptom management, referral to palliative care services, communication with patients and families, and the importance of cultural sensitivity and psychological support. However, the implementation and adherence to these guidelines require regular evaluation to ensure they are being effectively followed in clinical practice. This clinical audit aims to have a standardized protocol in our unit and to assess the extent to which EOLC practices at AIIMS align with the institution’s established policy on EOLC at our centre. The audit specifically assessed key components such as futility criteria, consensus among treating physicians and the critical care team, agreement with family members regarding futility and documentation, types of EOLC decision and pre EOLC assessment process thereof. It also evaluated various end-of-life care (EOLC) decision-making processes, included no CPR, no intubation, no vasopressors, and no dialysis, no blood transfusion, no routine Labs, no higher antibiotics as well as compliance with documentation, of these parameters. Additionally, it reviewed checklist compliance for communication and initiation of end-of-life care. This audit aimed to identify areas where our policy was successfully implemented and those requiring improvement, contributing to the enhancement of EOLC quality at our centre. By systematically assessing the alignment between clinical practices and institutional policy, this audit intended to provide actionable recommendations for improving EOLC policies at our centre. Additionally, it may offer valuable insights for better application of EOLC in other healthcare settings across India.

India’s foreign policy has undergone a paradigmatic transition from the Nehruvian doctrine of Non-Alignment to a contemporary framework of Multi-Alignment. The Cold War context, post-colonial identity, and quest for strategic autonomy shaped Non-Alignment as India’s principal diplomatic instrument from 1947 to 1991.The end of bipolarity, economic liberalization, nuclearization, and the rise of China redefined India’s external environment, compelling a recalibration toward strategic partnerships across competing power blocs. This paper traces the historical evolution, doctrinal shifts, and institutional drivers behind India’s move from Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment. It analyses key milestones: Look East Policy, nuclear tests of 1998, Indo-U.S. civil nuclear deal, Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, and India’s positioning in BRICS, SCO, G20, and I2U2. The paper adopted mixed-method approach relying both on qualitative historical analytical study and quantitative factual data in the course of the research. It collected relevant data from both primary and secondary sources. The study concluded that Multi-Alignment is not an abandonment of Non-Alignment but its twenty-first-century adaptation — a flexible, interest-driven strategy to maximize autonomy, economic growth, and security in a multipolar world.

Aim: Urban road infrastructure is increasingly exposed to climate-induced hazards such as flooding, extreme heat, and intense precipitation. These hazards disrupt mobility, increase maintenance costs, and threaten economic stability. This study evaluates the lifecycle cost and resilience performance of climate-resilient urban road infrastructure under climate risk scenarios. Methodology: Ahybrid framework integrating Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and resilience performance modeling is developed. Two scenarios, conventional road infrastructure and climate-resilient road systems, are assessed over a 50-year lifecycle using Net Present Value (NPV) modeling. Results: Results indicate that climate-resilient infrastructure increases initial capital costs by 12–18% but reduces lifecycle costs by up to 25% due to lower failure rates and faster recovery after disruptions. Conclusion: Climate-resilient road infrastructure is economically viable when evaluated over the long term. Integrating resilience into infrastructure planning improves system reliability and reduces climate-related risks.

Non-Resident Indian (NRI) marriages have increased significantly due to globalization, migration, and the growing Indian diaspora across the world. While such marriages often promise better economic opportunities and cross-cultural experiences, they have also led to a rising number of legal and social challenges, particularly for spouses residing in India. The legal framework governing marriage and divorce in the context of NRI marriages raises complex issues relating to jurisdiction, recognition of foreign judgments, enforcement of maintenance, and protection of the rights of spouses, especially women. This study critically examines the laws relating to marriage and divorce in India with specific reference to NRI marriages. It analyses the applicability of personal laws, statutory provisions, and judicial interpretations that regulate matrimonial disputes involving Non-Resident Indians. The research highlights common problems faced in such marriages, including abandonment, ex-parte divorce decrees from foreign courts, bigamy, and difficulties in securing maintenance or child custody. The study further explores how conflicts of law and lack of uniform international legal mechanisms complicate the resolution of these disputes. Additionally, the paper reviews the role of Indian courts, government initiatives, and legislative measures aimed at protecting spouses in NRI marriages. Special attention is given to the need for stronger legal safeguards, effective enforcement mechanisms, and international cooperation to address cross-border matrimonial disputes. The research also evaluates recent policy discussions and recommendations for reform in order to ensure justice and legal certainty for affected individuals. The study concludes that while India has taken steps to address the issues arising from NRI marriages, significant gaps remain in the legal system. Strengthening legal procedures, improving coordination with foreign jurisdictions, and creating comprehensive legislation specifically addressing NRI matrimonial disputes are essential to protect the right and interests of spouses involved in such marriages.

Context: Land conflicts constitute one of the most persistent and destabilising issues in the Sahelian context. In Burkina Faso, the difficult articulation between customary law and modern law, combined with demographic pressure and population displacement caused by insecurity, generates recurring tensions over land. Methodology: Drawing upon a qualitative approach, the study seeks to understand the mechanisms through which these conflicts are constructed, sustained, and perpetuated. It is based on 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with customary chiefs, local populations, and individuals directly involved in land conflicts in the commune of Dédougou. Results: The findings reveal a coherent architecture of land grabbing founded upon strategies of psychological attrition, collusion amongst customary authorities, and profound failings of administrative and judicial institutions. These conflicts durably undermine households, disrupt life plans, and threaten social cohesion. The study argues for a substantial reform of the land governance framework, articulating customary legitimacy with formal legal security.

To improve access to medical treatment, enhance the healthcare system, and reduce health-related disparities, public healthcare spending is essential. Despite significant economic growth and legislative initiatives, Odisha still faces significant challenges in securing enough and equitable public health funding. This paper looks at the trends, challenges, and policy implications of public healthcare spending in Odisha for the period 1991 to 2023. The secondary data sources are collected from Reserve Bank of India reports, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, and the Sample Registration System etc. The study assesses trends in public health expenditures in terms of overall spending, per capita spending and health expenditure as a proportion of Gross State Domestic Product using descriptive and trend analysis. The results suggest that while public healthcare spending in Odisha has gradually increased in absolute terms. The coefficients suggest that every 1 per cent increase in health spending leads to a decline in the mortality rate. This implies that Odisha has managed to achieve a higher return on investment for its health expenditure. To achieve inclusive and sustainable health outcomes in Odisha, it is essential to strengthen primary healthcare infrastructure and reduce the infant mortality rate as key policy imperatives.

L’artiste miséreux, roi sur les tréteaux mais albatros déchu dans l’arène sociale, est l’un des poncifs de l’imagerie populaire. Aussi la question se fait-elle récurrente de savoir s’il peut vivre de son art, surtout s’il est un praticien du théâtre. A priori, le statut social peu enviable de l’artiste-comédien s’origine dans le déficit de compétences des animateurs du champ théâtral béninois. Sur la base des recherches des Américains W. Baumol, W. Bowen, E. Jérôme McCarthy et A. Humphrey puis des travaux de l’UNESCO sur la contribution de la culture à l’économie, cet article élargit le champ sémantique du concept de « théâtre », pose les prolégomènes à l’analyse de sa contribution à l’économie au Bénin et en révèle les conditions critiques.

Background: Reports of epidermoid cysts mimicking lipomas in the abdominal wall are exceedingly rare.Epidermoid cysts are common benign lesions, but giant variants in the anterior abdominal wall are rare and may clinically resemble lipomas. Giant epidermoid cysts in uncommon sites can pose diagnostic challenges, particularly when they mimic other benign soft tissue lesions. Case Presentation: We report a patient presenting with large, soft, mobile swellingover anterior abdominal wall swelling initially diagnosed as lipoma based on clinical and imaginative features.Surgical excision revealed a cystic lesion with keratinous debris. Histopathological examination revealed a Cystic wall lined by squamous epithelium containing keratin. Discussion: Giant epidermoid cysts in uncommon sites such as the abdominal wall are rarelydocumented. Clinical mimicry of lipomas poses a diagnostic pitfall, as both lesions present withslow growth and soft consistency.Imaging may be inconclusive, supporting the vitalrole of histopathology. Literature review reveals fewsimilarcases, emphasizing the rarity of thispresentation. Conclusion: This case highlights the uncommon occurrence of a giant epidermoidcyst over theanterior abdominal wallmimicking a lipoma. It emphasizes the importance of considering epidermoid cyst in the differential diagnosisof abdominal wall swellings and the necessity ofhistopathological confirmation for accurate diagnosis and management.

This research arose from the observation that employees in the Cameroonian civil service show insufficient engagement at work. Several studies indicate that low work engagement has multiple consequences for organisations. Mowday and colleagues (1982) show that it contributes to increased stress and reduced vigilance; it also leads to reduced effort, lower performance and loss of efficiency (Aseron et al., 2020). Allen and Meyer (1996) argue that disengaged employees may become unpleasant and aggressive. In this context, the role played by the leader appears important for revitalising the organisational environment. The objective of this study is to show that transformational leadership predicts work engagement. A random sample of 179 employees in the city of Yaounde was selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire composed of measurement scales: work engagement was assessed using the Allen and Meyer (1993) scale, while transformational leadership was measured using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2003). The results indicate that H1 (beta = 0.25; p < 0.05), H2 (beta = 0.26; p < 0.05), H3 (beta = 0.29; p < 0.05) and H4 (beta = 0.16; p < 0.05) are all significant. These findings show that transformational leadership predicts work engagement. The study concludes that leaders must lead by example in order to transform colleagues’ apathy into work engagement.