May 2025

Background: Type II Diabetes Mellitus & complication associated with it are major public health challenges worldwide. Studies have shown that Indian populations develop complication of diabetes at an early age (20-40 years) compared with Caucasians (>50 years), this indicates that diabetes must be carefully screened and monitored regardless of patient age within India. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is suggested to be an important enzyme for modulating the bioactivity of insulin, but its clinical significance in Type II DM is not yet established. Adenosine Deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) is an enzyme that catalyses the irreversible deamination of adenosine & deoxyadenosine to inosine & 2’deoxyinosine respectively which are further converted to hypoxanthine, xanthine & finally Uric acid. Aims & Objective: To estimate the levels of serum ADA & identify its correlation with glycaemic parameters, Lipid profile, serum Uric acid & BMI of patients of type II DM. Material and Methods: It is case - control study conducted at tertiary care teaching hospital. The subjects were divided into three groups –Group I consisted of 30 Controlled diabetics [HbA1c <7%], Group II consisted of 30 Uncontrolled diabetics [HbA1c >7%] and Group III consisted of 30 healthy Non diabetic individuals. Age & Sex matched belonging to age group of 35-65years. Estimation of serum ADA, FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, lipid profile, serum uric acid, serum total protein, SGOT & SGPT was carried out in all the study subjects. Results: Mean ADA in Group I, II, III are 29.60 +-5.86, 41.46+-6.2, 18.7+_5.27 respectively, Mean HbA1c in Group I, II, III are 6.27+_0.51, 9.09+_1.70, 4.8+_0.7 respectively & Mean Serum uric acid in Group I, II, III are 7.1+_0.54, 5.9+_0.48, 6.01+_049 respectively. Serum ADA was positively correlated with Glycemic parameters, TC, TAG, LDL, VLDL, BMI whereas negative correlation was observed with HDL. Serum uric acid levels were raised in control DM and decreased in uncontrolled DM. Also, no association was found between serum ADA and serum Total Protein, SGOT, SGPT, Blood Pressure in type II DM subjects. Conclusion: Serum ADA levels were significantly higher in Type II DM subjects compared to healthy individuals. This suggests that ADA plays a role in pathophysiology of Type II DM and its complications. Further studies are required to establish ADA as effective prognostic & pathological marker for early detection of complications in Type II DM.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a widespread chronic illness with a steadily rising global prevalence. Among its most serious and financially burdensome complications are foot infections, which are often caused by pathogenic bacteria. These infections can be further complicated when the bacteria involved are resistant to antibiotics and equipped with multiple virulence factors, making effective treatment more difficult and reducing the chances of a successful recovery.These bacterial communities can be organized in polymicrobial communities, which may be responsible for diabetic foot ulcer chronicity. Therefore, this study was undertaken to identify the bacterial profile in infected foot ulcers, assess their patterns of antibiotic resistance, and evaluate their ability to form biofilms. Aims: • To identify the spectrum of bacteria causing diabetic wound infection and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in our hospital. • To detect the biofilm formation among these bacteria. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in a tertiary care medical facility. Samples were collected from 100 patients over the age of 18 with diabetic foot ulcers and they were processed using standard techniques for culture and sensitivity. Biofilm production was assessed using three different techniques: the Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method, the Tube Method, and the Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Data was analysed statistically. Results: A total of 129 bacterial isolates were obtained from 100 patients with diabetic foot ulcers. The age group of these patients ranged from 28 to 86 years with maximum number in the age group 40-60 years. Klebsiella was the predominant organism (31.78%), followed by E.coli. Biofilm

Objective: To study the knowledge of health personnel and human resources of SONABEL zone of OST on occupational accidents and the practice of their declaration. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study covering the period March 15 to April 15, 2023. The sampling was exhaustive. All health workers and human resources personnel from all related companies to the SSTIE were included. This data collection was carried out through a semi-directional interview. Results: In this population, the average age was 44.2 years with an average occupational seniority of 13 years. A total of 17.9% of the respondents received specific training on accidents at work. The respondents who gave a good definition of an occupational accident accounted for 97% and only 50.7% knew the populations likely to be victims of occupational accidents. 88.1% of the respondents were aware of the appropriate actions to be taken by occupational accidents victims or their families. More than 37% of the respondents were not aware of the benefits of reporting accidents at work place and 76.6% were not aware of the possibilities of reporting occupational accidents in the event of an employer deficiency. Only 29.9% of the respondents were aware of the mandatory documents for reporting occupational accidents to the social security fund. In 68.7% of the departments, there was no register of occupational accidents. Workers' lack of awareness was the main reason given (97%) for underreporting occupational accidents. For an optimal management of the services in the event of an accident at work place in SONABEL zone, no effort should be spared.

Land use and land use and land cover (LULC) analysis plays a crucial role in comprehending the dynamic urban changes, particularly in rapidly growing cities such as Prayagraj. This research focuses on identifying and evaluating the LULC trends of Prayagraj city based on remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. Owing to the ongoing urbanization, comprehending these changes holds paramount importance for making informed urban planning, environmental management, and sustainable development. Prayagraj, which lies in the north of India, has experienced considerable urbanization within the last two decades, hence contributing to impressive land use patterns. The city is a religio-historic, administratively important one that is represented by varied forms of land usage such as residential, agricultural, industrial, and recreational land types. The growth of urban areas and the decrease in greenbelts and agricultural areas are distinguishable trends that have arisen as a result of increasing population, development of infrastructure, and industrialization. Foranalyzing the LULC changes, satellite data of Landsat and Sentinel satellites was utilized to produce multi-temporal land use maps. The data were processed based on different image classification methods, such as supervised and unsupervised classification, to classify the land into specific classes like residential, commercial, agricultural, water bodies, forests, and bare land. The classifications were then verified using secondary data sources and field surveys for the validation of the results. The findings of the study indicated a pronounced change in the land use scenario of Prayagraj. Urban settlements have increased, especially in the northern and southern directions of the city, leading to a substantial decline in agricultural land and green cover. The study also indicated a decline in the cover of water bodies and forests, posing questions to the ecological sustainability of the city. This urban spread, in terms of residential and commercial development, is expanding at the expense of previously open and agricultural land, emphasizing the importance of strategic land management policies.

Xanthium strumarium L., commonly known as Cocklebur, is a widely distributed medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Traditionally used across Asia, Europe, and the Americas, it has gained attention for its therapeutic potential in treating ailments such as rhinitis, headaches, fever, and skin conditions. This review comprehensively explores the plant’s traditional uses, botanical characteristics, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicological aspects. The plant contains a wide spectrum of bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids, which contribute to its reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antitussive, and anticancer effects. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo research, clinical validation remains limited. Furthermore, most studies have focused on the fruits, while other plant parts remain underexplored. This paper emphasizes the need for detailed pharmacokinetic studies, safety assessments, and clinical trials to validate traditional claims and fully realize the therapeutic potential of X. strumarium. The findings underscore its promise as a valuable natural resource for the development of plant-based pharmaceuticals.

Cannabis and cocaine use cause marked vasoconstriction, which can lead to a variety of systemic complications, particularly gastrointestinal. Among these, mesenteric ischemia is particularly difficult to diagnose, and can have serious consequences if not treated promptly. We report the case of a 19-year-old man presenting with mesenteric ischemia related to chronic cocaine and cannabis use. The diagnosis was established by computed tomography (CT). He required emergency surgery with segmental resection of the necrotic small intestine and placement of an ileostomy. The literature on cocaine-induced intestinal ischemia reveals great variability in clinical and therapeutic outcomes. Biological tests lack specificity, and are negative in most cases. We suggest that testing for cannabis and cocaine should be carried out systematically in all young patients admitted for a vascular accident, regardless of location.

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are common in children and young adults, particularly involving the permanent maxillary central incisors, leading to both aesthetic and functional concerns. Fragment reattachment, an established procedure in adhesive dentistry, provides a reliable solution for restoring fractured teeth by preserving the natural anatomy and improving the aesthetic outcome. Case Reports: This article presents two cases of crown fractures treated with fragment reattachment. In Case 1, a 9-year-old patient with an Ellis Class III fracture of the maxillary right central incisor underwent reattachment after apexification, with the addition of a glass fiber post for enhanced strength. In Case 2, both maxillary central incisors were fractured, with one reattached using biopins made from the patient’s own tooth fragment. Both procedures yielded favourable outcomes with regard to aesthetics and function. Discussion: These presented cases show that tooth fragment reattachment works well for restoring fractured teeth. Using biopins looks promising, but more research is needed to establish long-term reliability and clinical protocols. Conclusion: Fragment reattachment offers significant advantages in terms of aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, and psychological impact, preserving the tooth’s natural form and function.

Background: High-risk surgical patients (ASA grade III or IV) are more prone to perioperative complications. The choice between general anesthesia (GA) and regional anesthesia (RA) can significantly influence postoperative outcomes. Objective: To compare the outcomes and complications of general versus regional anesthesia in high-risk adult surgical patients. Methods: A prospective, randomized comparative study was conducted at Smt. Parvati Hospital, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar on 50 high-risk patients undergoing major elective or semi-elective surgeries. Patients were divided into two groups: GA (n=25) and RA (n=25). Parameters assessed included morbidity, mortality, postoperative pain, length of hospital stay, hemodynamic stability, and recovery profile. Results: Regional anesthesia was associated with significantly lower morbidity and no mortality, compared to an 8% mortality rate in the GA group. RA also showed superior pain control, reduced analgesic use, faster recovery, fewer postoperative complications (e.g., hypoxia, cardiovascular instability), and shorter hospital stays. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in the GA group. Conclusion: Regional anesthesia offers a safer and more effective alternative to general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients, improving clinical outcomes, reducing complications, and enhancing recovery.

Shalya tantra is one of the most significant and essential subspecialties of Ayurveda, which includes a range of surgical and non-surgical treatments. The most common of these parasurgical techniques is Agnikarma, often known as heat cauterization/ intentional heat burn/ therapeutic burns. It refers to the direct or indirect application of heat to a body part using various materials in order to prevent or treat an illness. It is a powerful and minimally invasive parasurgical technique with several uses in both emergency care and chronic illnesses. Agnikarma has been given a special place in surgery by Acharya Sushruta, and the disease cured by Agnikarma never recurs1. Clinically, it is considered as a prime para- surgical procedure, and it provides relief in certain diseases that are not cured by herbal medicine, surgical interventions, and alkaline cauterization. Acharya prescribe various materials for cauterizing specific body parts, taking into account the heat retention and transmission capacities of these substances. Agnikarma is most frequently used to treat neurogenic pain, tendinopathies, and conditions affecting the skin, veins, ligaments, bones, or joints when pain is a determining factor. The therapeutic, preventative, and hemostatic qualities of Agnikarma were recognized million years ago.

This study aimed to examined the prevalence of internet addiction, define its correlating factors and its relationship with their demographic data among secondary school students ,and to recognized prospect intervention strategies that may help to minimize harm of IA(internet addiction). Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted between January and February 2024, among governmental secondary school students (boys and girls) in Elobied secondery school and Alobied higher secondary school for girls and Alwafa higher secondary school for girls, Sudan, their ages between 13and 19-years-old ,a simple random sampling were collected from students in class two and three, students , the sample size was 303 from total 500 students from tow governmental school which Results: 303 students answered the questionnaire, 141 are males and 162 are females. Prevalence was 53.5%, with female predominance. Internet addiction was associated with those who owned computers and spent more than 8 hours in the internet and absence of parental control. Conclusion: The findings show that the students are having a more positive attitude toward the use of the Internet we recommend that use of Internet should be set under parents control and reviewed regularly by them and their children together.

Nutmeg belongs to the family Myristicaceae, genus Myristica and species Myristica fragrans. Indian Name of Spices is in Hindi : Jaiphal Bengali : Jaiphal Gujarati : Jaiphal Kannada : Jayikai Kashmiri : Zaaphal Malayalam : Jathikka Marathi : Jaiphal Oriya : Jaiphala Punjabi : Jaiphal Sanskrit : Jatiphala Tamil : Jathikai Telugu : Jajikai Urdu : Jaiphal. Other Name(s) are in Jaatipatree, Jaiphal, Jatiphal, Jatiphala, Jatiphalam, Muscade, Muscade et Macis, Muscadier, Muskatbaum, Muskatnuss, Myristica, Myristica fragrans, Myristica officinalis, Myristicae Semen, Noix de Muscade, Noix de Muscade et Macis, Nuez Moscada, Nuez Moscada y Macis,Nutmeg, Nux Moschata, Ron Dau Kou. Foreign name of spices are in Arabic : Jouza at-Teeb Chinese : Dou kou shu Dutch : Nootmuskaat French : Muscade German : Muskatnu Greek : Moschokarido Indonesia : Pala Italian : Noce moscata Spanish : Moscada. Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm, slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, and vegetables, and beverages such as eggnog. The seeds are dried gradually in the sun over a period of 15 to 30 weeks. During this time, the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden club and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are greenish brown ovoids with furrowed surfaces. The nutmegs are roughly egg-shaped, about 20.5–30 mm long and 15–18 mm wide, weighing 5–10 g dried. Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to that of nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour baked goods, meat, fish, and vegetables, and in preserving and pickling. In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out and dried for 10 to 14 days. Its color changes to pale yellow, orange, or tan. Whole dry mace consists of flat pieces—smooth, horn-like, and brittle—about 40 mm long. The nutmeg is unique among tree spices as it is the donor of the two distinct spices, nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the seed kernel inside the fruit and mace is the covering (aril) on the kernel. Both mace and nutmeg are used as condiment and medicine. It is native of Indonesia (Moluccas Islands). In India it is cultivated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, North East India and Andamans. The area, production and productivity in our country is very low and it is mainly due to the non adoption of improved crop management and post harvest handling technologies, decline in area under cultivation and incidence of pest and diseases. Nutmeg, tropical evergreen tree and the spice made of its seed. The tree is native to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia and is principally cultivated .there and in the West Indies. The spice nutmeg has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavour many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages as eggnog. The fleshy arils surrounding the nutmeg seed are the source of the spice mace. Historically, grated nutmeg was used as a sachet, and the Romans used it as incense. Around 1600 it became important as an expensive commercial spice in the Western world and was the subject of Dutch plots to keep prices high and of English and French counterplots to obtain fertile seeds for transplantation. The nutmegs sold whole were dipped in lime to prevent their sprouting. Nutmeg trees may reach a height of about 20 m. They yield fruit eight years after sowing, reach their prime in 25 years, and bear fruit for 60 years or longer. The fruit is a pendulous drupe, similar in appearance to an apricot. When fully mature it splits in two, exposing a crimson-coloured aril, the mace, surrounding a single shiny brown seed, the nutmeg. After collection the aril-enveloped nutmegs are conveyed to curing areas where the mace is removed, flattened out, and dried. The nutmegs are dried gradually in the sun and turned twice daily over a period of six to eight weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden truncheon and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are grayish brown ovals with furrowed surfaces.

This review synthesizes empirical, phenomenological, and intervention-based research on loneliness in older adults. Drawing on studies that examine the prevalence, causes, and multifaceted experiences of loneliness—including cognitive, emotional, and embodied dimensions—it outlines how factors such as declining health, disrupted interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic disadvantages, and personality traits interact with life transitions (e.g., retirement and widowhood) to shape loneliness. The review also collates evidence on diverse interventions, ranging from online friendship enrichment programs and mindfulness-based stress reduction to technology-driven social support systems, cultural programs, companion animal ownership, and volunteering. Results indicate that multifaceted and participatory approaches generally yield beneficial outcomes, although measurement variability and limited long-term data restrict objective conclusions regarding sustained effectiveness. Overall, the review highlights the necessity of tailored, contextually informed interventions and underscores significant gaps in the evidence, particularly regarding macro-level interactions and standardization of assessment tools. Future research should focus on robust longitudinal designs and integrated frameworks to further elucidate the causal pathways of loneliness and optimize intervention strategies.

Background: Preceptorship plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between theory and practice in nursing education. The willingness and attitude of registered nurses toward precepting nursing students significantly influence the quality of clinical learning. However, multiple factors, including workload, role clarity, and institutional support, may affect nurses’ engagement in preceptorship. Aim: This study aimed to assess the attitude and willingness of registered nurses to precept nursing students and to determine the association between these factors and selected demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 132 registered nurses at a tertiary hospital in Ajman, UAE. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Results: The findings revealed that 74.2% of the participants demonstrated a favourable attitude toward precepting nursing students, with a mean attitude score of 98.28 ± 8.44. High levels of agreement were observed in positive statements such as applying theory to practice, involving students in clinical teaching, and feeling professionally motivated. However, concerns emerged regarding workload, routine disruption, patient safety, and role preparedness. No statistically significant association was found between nurses’ attitudes and demographic variables (p > 0.05), and regression analysis indicated a weak predictive relationship (R² = 0.091). Conclusion: While registered nurses showed strong professional commitment toward preceptorship, their willingness was moderated by organizational and workload-related barriers. Institutional interventions, such as preceptor training, role definition, and administrative support, are essential to enhance nurses’ engagement in student mentorship.

L’orpaillage illégal, loin d’être un phénomène anarchique, constitue un véritable système socio-économique alternatif dans la région de la Nawa, en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude analyse ses formes d’organisation interne, ses circuits économiques et ses logiques de gouvernance parallèle. L’objectif est de comprendre comment, dans un contexte d’illégalité structurelle et de précarité, les acteurs de l’orpaillage développent des structures organisationnelles complexes, des stratégies économiques efficaces et des mécanismes de sécurisation territoriale durables. La méthodologie repose sur une approche mixte combinant enquêtes de terrain qualitatives (entretiens, observations participantes) et exploitation de données quantitatives issues d’un questionnaire administré aux acteurs locaux. L’échantillonnage a été réalisé selon une méthode raisonnée (ou par choix ciblé), en sélectionnant des sites d’orpaillage actifs et des profils variés d’acteurs (orpailleurs, chefs de site, transporteurs, commerçants, autorités locales) afin de maximiser la diversité des points de vue et des expériences. Les résultats montrent l’existence de modèles hiérarchiques solides, de réseaux d’approvisionnement sophistiqués et de circuits financiers connectés à l’économie urbaine. Ils révèlent aussi des stratégies de protection (mobilité, corruption, milices locales) et des alliances étroites avec certaines autorités coutumières ou administratives. L’étude conclut que l’orpaillage illégal dans la Nawa s’inscrit dans des dynamiques de recomposition territoriale, d’informatisation de la gouvernance et de résilience économique, défiant ainsi les cadres classiques de l’autorité étatique. Cette recherche apporte une contribution originale aux débats sur l'économie informelle, les formes d’organisation sociale dans les marges de l’État et la construction de pouvoirs locaux en Afrique de l’Ouest.

Paediatric chest imaging is essential for diagnosing a wide spectrum of cardiopulmonary disorders, yet radiation exposure poses unique risks in this vulnerable population. The principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) guides contemporary imaging protocols, spurring the development of radiation-reducing techniques across modalities. This review explores current trends, technological innovations, and best practices in low-dose paediatric chest radiology, focusing on digital radiography (DR), computed tomography (CT), and emerging roles of MRI and ultrasound. Emphasis is placed on dose optimization, clinical efficacy, safety, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to support image quality enhancement. By evaluating both established and cutting-edge strategies, this article underscores the importance of tailored imaging protocols that balance diagnostic utility with radiation safety in children.

The present study was investigated to determine the stability performance of grain yield and yield related characters viz., grain yield, thousand grain weight, panicle length and panicle girth of pearl millet in three different environments viz., Sathyamangalam (E1), Gobichettipalayam (E2) and Annamalai Nagar (E3) during 2021-2022. Thirty- six genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. Statistical analysis, including the Eberhart and Russell model and grouping technique (CV) were employed to assess genotype-environment interaction. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among genotypes, environments and genotype by Environment (G x E) interaction for all morphological characters under study. The analysis of variance indicated that significance of environments suggesting the presence of considerable influence of differential environments on grain yield and grain related traits. Environment (linear) was significant and larger in magnitude, suggesting its importance in expression of grain yield performance in pearl millet and indicating the prediction of performance across the environments is possible. The significant pooled deviation (non-linear component) mean sum of squares for grain yield indicated that the genotypes differed considerably with respect to their stability for this character. Based on performance of ten genotypes studied, over the three environments of study, the genotypes viz., G4, G22 and G31were found stable for grain yield, since these genotypes showed regression coefficient ‘bi’ nearer to one and values for deviation from regression is as small as possible. These hybrids could be tested further in larger environments for potential use in breeding program.

The oral Submucous Fibrosis is a long-term debilitating condition of the oral mucosa which is known to be caused by the consumption of Areca nut. It affects the people of Southeast Asian origin more prevalently. It is a premalignant disease and its malignant transformation rate was found to be as high as 7.6% and there is a relative risk of development of oral cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to diagnose the disease at an initial stage for a proper and reliable treatment planning and to improve the person's quality of life. In this article, a case of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 75-yearold male patient who received medical attention in our institution is reported.

According to National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) students will join the initial research programme at the fourth year of undergraduate course. This study focused on the paradigm of higher education as per NEP 2020, the idea of research integration with undergraduate course as per NEP2020, the structure of research credit in four year undergraduate course, and a step forward for quality research in higher education (Doctoral degree. UGC recommended a four year undergraduate course in all the degree colleges and universities. Students can choose their research stream in their fourth year (7th semester). Student can enrol themselves in research for the last two semester (7th and 8th semester), if they scored 75% or higher in their first six semester or 7.5 CGPA. This four year undergraduate honours course with research will initially prepare the students for conducting good research project. This programme will open up a new window of doctoral research to the modern generation learners at the undergraduate level. This paper will give a direction towards the research to improve the quality of research in multidisciplinary environment. Moreover it fulfils the goal of better society and country economy through the quality education with research at the undergraduate level. Integrated research programme provide qualified and expert researcher to the teaching-learning arena. Students will be knowledgeable, expertise and skilled in research in multi-disciplinary environment. This will save time and energy to the students as they can directly join the Ph.D. programme after completion of undergraduate course with research.

Social security schemes have immense importance in catering to the well-being of rural unorganized sector workers in a developing country like India. It provides financial protection to the needy citizen. The market of unorganized workers or informal workers in India is large. Most of the informal workers are self-employed. Our study considers promotional and protective schemes for uplifting unorganized sector workers. This study examines the effectiveness of various social security schemes like old age pension, widow pension, Disability pension, PMAY, PROFLAL, MGNREGA, SGSY, JSY, PMUY, PDS system, Laxmi bhandar, Swastha Sathi scheme etc. in rural West Bengal. A survey for the study was conducted on a total of 320 households in eight villages across two blocks in the East Burdwan district of West Bengal. The impact of different security schemes on village dwellers working in the informal sector has been assessed entirely based on primary field survey data. On the other hand, in calculating the rate of diffusion of schemes like SHG, JSY, PMUY, and PMAY, we have considered several states of India based on the availability of data. In this case, secondary data taken from the India Stat site has been used. Diffusion of schemes, Test of Homogeneity, and Likert scale technique have been used as a methodology in this paper. The household survey reveals the economic condition of the villagers and how different government schemes help them for the betterment of their financial status. Also, few of them were deprived of those schemes though they ought to have benefitted from them. Results indicate that the Public Distribution System (PDS) is the most broadly accessed scheme, followed by MGNREGA(till 2020) and health insurance under the Swastha Sathi scheme. According to the survey, most of the villagers were fairly satisfied whereas a significant percentage of people were very dissatisfied due to various reasons such as lack of awareness, administrative complications, middleman intervention, etc. If more awareness camps can be conducted on the benefits and application process of various schemes and training programmes can be organized to increase the work efficiency of the women in SHGs then that will lead to a lot of financial benefit for common people.

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with breast cancer being the most prevalent type of cancer among women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably. Anxiety and depression are common psychological responses among breast cancer patients, which can significantly impact their quality of life (QoL). This study aims to evaluate the anxiety and quality of life in breast cancer patients and explore the effectiveness of deep breathing exercise in alleviating anxiety and improving QoL. Methods: A review of the literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate, and CINHAL. The search utilized MeSH terms including "Breast Cancer," "Anxiety," "Quality of Life," and " Deep breathing exercise." A total of 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this narrative review. Results: The majority of studies reported a high prevalence of anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients, which negatively affects their quality of life. Several studies highlighted the positive impact of complementary therapies, including deep breathing exercise, in improving psychological well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among these patients. Conclusion: Deep breathing exercise is a simple and effective therapy that can help reduce anxiety in breast cancer patients. Combined interventions using deep breathing exercise and other complementary therapies may further enhance the psychological and physical health of patients.

Background: The rate of Caesarean section (CS) has been on the increase in the recent years. Previous caesarean section is a major indication for a repeat caesarean section. The consequences associated with repeat caesarean sections have brought about the need to adopt vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) as the preferred mode of delivery in one previous scarred uterus. Aims and Objectives: To determine the pregnancy outcome and complications of vaginal birth after caesarean section at the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital Parklane Enugu. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of women with one previous caesarean section who presented at the labour ward of the Enugu state University Teaching Hospital Parklane Enugu between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023. Data was obtained from the case notes, labour ward registers, and theatre registers, encoded into a spreadsheet, and analysed using SPSS 25.0. The results were presented as frequency and percentages. Results: During the study period, there were 7852 deliveries and 100 planned VBAC. Forty-eight (48%) pregnant women had successful VBAC while 52% had a repeat emergency CS. Successful VBAC in primipara was 15(31.3%) compared to 33(68.7%) in multipara. Repeat CS rate was 23(44.2%) in primipara compared to 29(55.8%) in multipara. A previous vaginal delivery especially a prior vaginal delivery before CS was associated with a higher proportion of successful VBAC 27(56.3%) compared to successful VBAC rate of 14(29.2%) in women who had a vaginal delivery after a previous CS but lowest 7(14.5%) in those women with no previous vaginal delivery. The commonest indication for repeat emergency CS was poor progress in labour due to cephalopelvic disproportion 30(58%), followed by suspected foetal distress 16(32%). The highest 35(72.9%) successful VBAC was seen in babies that weigh between 2.5 to 3.5 kg. Conclusion: Trial of labour after a CS can result in an excellent outcome in a well-selected patient. The success rate of 48% in our study is encouraging. However, sufficient intrapartum feto-maternal monitoring is recommended to reduce foetal and maternal complications.

A chronic condition called Pilonidal Sinus is characterized by a midline pit in the gluteal cleft of the sacrococcygeal, that is usually associated with hairs. commonly found in hairy males. Long periods of sitting, a deep natal cleft, obesity, frequent hair irritation, and family history can all raise the risk of developing the condition. Acharya Sushruta classified eight various kinds of sinuses as Nadivrana in the context of ayurveda. Among these, the pilonidal sinus fits into the category of Shalyaj Nadivrana (sinus due to foreign body). The primary adverse effects of surgical treatment include recurrence, post-operative infection, and extensive skin excision that takes a long time to recover. Kshara Sutra, a minimally invasive parasurgical technique for Nadi Vrana (Pilonidal sinus), has been described by Acharya Sushruta. Kshar sutra is a type of thread which is coated in a chemical substance made from latex, minerals, and the ash of specific medicinal plants. Kshara is having antimicrobial action so chance of infection is very rare. Kshara Sutra healps for cutting, curetting and healing of the tract faster. A case report of pilonidal sinus treated at Rishikul Ayurvedic Hospital, Haridwar is discussed here. Kshara sutra (prepared with Apamarga Kshara), application was done after preoperative procedures and weekly thread change was done till tract was cut through completely followed by dressing. Internally Triphalaguggulu, Triphlachurna and Jatyaditaila (per rectum) was given. Externally sitz bath daily two times and dressing with betadine gauze. The detail description with photograph will help to understand the procedure.

Background: Trigeminal schwannoma is benign tumor arising from the Schwann cells of the trigeminal nerve1. While their clinical presentation typically involves trigeminal nerve dysfunction2, extensive involvement leading to multiple cranial nerve palsies is a less common occurrence, particularly as the initial presenting feature3. We report a rare case of a 47-year-old female presented with history of right-sided ptosis, headache, and earache since 4-months. Imaging studies revealed a large trigeminal schwannoma (40x34x22 mm) extending into the posterior cranial fossa and cavernous sinus, resulting in compression of multiple cranial nerves. This case highlights the atypical and potentially misleading initial symptoms of a large trigeminal schwannoma and emphasizes the importance of considering intracranial lesions in patients with seemingly isolated cranial nerve deficits. We discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic findings in such rare and complex cases, along with a review of relevant literature.

A Popliteal cyst, also called a Baker’s cyst, is a benign, fluid-filled cyst that forms around the posterior knee joint. These cysts are commonly associated with septicemia or septic arthritis. The cyst generally forms between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. The highest prevalence is usually seen in adults with degenerative arthritis. In children, it is seen at the age of 4-7 years with a herniated posterior knee joint synovium/capsule. Incidence increases with age. In adults, the cyst is often associated with degenerative diseases or meniscal injury, which can complicate the diagnosis. However, an infected Baker cyst without any systemic manifestations or underlying septic arthritis is a rare clinical entity. Here, we present a case of a female with no known underlying conditions or source of infection/trauma who presented with pain, swelling, redness and warmth of the left lower limb. Radiologic studies revealed an infected baker’s cyst without any underlying systemic manifestations. She was conservatively managed. Most of the baker’s cysts are left unidentified, a proper diagnostic work-up is needed for early intervention. In this case, we highlight the appearance of an infected baker’s cyst with a previous history of osteoarthritis and with no evidence of underlying septic arthritis. The patient was conservatively managed with no surgical intervention.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), in its present growing condition, has to undergo a minimum of four to six months of dry period both in the traditional belts of Kerala and Karnataka and non-traditional areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The crop is sensitive and susceptible to altering temperatures and varying environmental conditions in South India. In this study, systematic screening for drought tolerance of Nigerian and Malaysian cocoa collections and their hybrids was carried out using physiological parameters and microsatellite markers. Initially, screening of the 10 parents using nine microsatellite markers revealed a total of 43 alleles with an average of 4.77 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity was higher is Malaysian collections (0.43) compared to Nigerian collections (0.36). The fixation index, in contrast, was lower in Malaysian collections (0.29) compared to Nigerian collections (0.37). The primer mtcCIR8 primers mtcCIR11, mtcCIR7 and mtcCIR18 generated an allelic richness and a high level of heterozygosity. There was a clustering of collections showing drought tolerance. A total of 108 progenies of cocoa, comprising of 8 parental plants and 10 hybrids, were analyzed for photosynthesis, leaf water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The parents, NC23/43, NC29/66 I-14, I-29 and II-67 had drought tolerant nature and the hybrids, I-21 x NC 29/66, I-29 x NC 23/43, II-67 x NC 29/66 and II-67 x NC 42/94 exhibited positive physiological traits for drought tolerance along with high yield.

Les Aires Communautaires de Conservation de la Biodiversité (ACCB) sont des espaces protégés abritant une grande variété d’espèces végétales, dont certaines sont endémiques ou menacées, contribuant ainsi à l’équilibre écologique et aux services écosystémiques. La présente étude vise à analyser la diversité floristique des ACCB de la Réserve Transfrontalière de la Biosphère du Mono. L’approche phytosociologique stigmatiste de Braun-Blanquet (1932) a été adoptée à travers l’installation de 200 placeaux circulaires de 1018 m² à l’intérieur desquels les données dendrométriques ont été collectées. L’ensemble des données collectées ont été traitées puis transformées en figures et tableau à l’aide du tableur Excel version 2013. Au total, 58 espèces ligneuses réparties en 53 genres et 29 familles ont été inventoriées dont les plus représentées sont les Leguminoseae (16,67 %). La plus forte valeur de l’indice de diversité est de 1,98 ± 0,52 bit. Elle est observée dans la forêt de Naglanou qui détient également la densité la plus élevée des arbres (184 ± 78 arbres/ha) et plus faible dans la zone de transition (104 ± 96 arbres/ha) où l’anthropisation est de plus en plus prononcée. La structure en classes de circonférence des ligneux dans les différents secteurs présente des paramètres de forme « c », de la distribution weibull (1 < c < 3,6), qui caractéristique des peuplements monospécifiques où prédominent les individus jeunes et de faibles circonférences. Face à ces résultats, il urge d’impliquer d’avantage les communautés locales dans la gestion durable des ressources floristiques.

In this paper the basic theory and approach to optimize the size of desilting basin with open channel flow is summarized. A comparison has been done for the ideal and practical basins where the effect of turbulence is taken into account. Where the space is not a constraint, there is a problem of choosing the longer, wider and shallower basins in front of the designers. The same has been illustrated with the help of the examples. Also the need for efficient inlet divergence for distributing the inflow and suspended sediments uniformly is suggested, the hydraulic efficiency of which can be best judged on models. The scope is limited to gravity sedimentation – i.e. to settling out discrete particles which retain their individual settling characteristics without interference or flocculants effects. Discussion is limited to horizontal flow basins.

The objective of the study was to analyze the contribution of climate change adaptation strategies and the costs of crop pest control and soil fertility management to improving crop productivity. To do this, data relating to the socio-economic characteristics of producers, the adaptation strategies developed and production inputs and outputs were collected from 280 corn and cotton producers in North Benin and 70 millet producers in South Niger. It appears from the analyzes that the majority of producers have adapted to climate change by adopting a varied range of adaptation strategies such as: (1) crop diversification, (2) adjustment of the crop calendar and cultivation practices, (3) land use strategies and (4) other adaptations including traditional prayers and rituals, and producer migrations. These adjustments made by producers have consequences on the productivity of the farm and on the costs of controlling crop pests and soil fertility. In addition, the strategy of adjusting the agricultural calendar and farming practices seems to be the adaptation strategy most suited to the context of climate change. Therefore, research institutes and producer support structures must provide producers with technical routes better adapted to climate change, particularly drought conditions.

Background: Prompt diagnosis of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is crucial, but atypical presentations can delay recognition. This case highlights a 60-year-old male smoker presenting with dyspnea and diaphoresis, in whom serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) were essential for diagnosis. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental tool for the rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the initial ECG in patients experiencing AMI can be non- diagnostic, posing a significant challenge for timely intervention. Subsequent serial ECG recording over a short period revealed the progressive development of characteristic ST- segment elevation, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of ST- elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We discuss the timing of ECG changes, the role of bedside echocardiography, the significance of initial negative troponin, the risk of being an "apparently healthy" older individual, the impact of smoking with non- diagnostic ECGs, the diagnostic accuracy of ER physician-performed echocardiography, and the criteria for urgent catheterization in non-STEMI presentations. Case Presentation: A 60-year-old male smoker with no known comorbidities presented to the emergency department (ED) at 02:50 am on March 20, 2025, with a one-hour history of sudden onset shortness of breath and diaphoresis. His initial 12-lead ECG (02:50 am) was unremarkable, and the baseline troponin T was negative. Patient was given Bipap support to overcome the respiratory distress. No calf pain and intermittent claudication history. At 03:00 am, the patient developed chest discomfort. A second ECG showed subtle changes. By 03:42 am, a third ECG revealed a marked ST- segment elevation ("tombstone" pattern) in the same leads. Patient was shifted to Cathlab urgently. He underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but developed cardiogenic shock in the cardiac care unit (CCU) and died. Conclusion: This case emphasizes that STEMI can occur with atypical symptoms and a non- diagnostic initial ECG. Serial ECGs are vital in such presentations. We address critical questions regarding the timing of ECG changes, the role of bedside echocardiography, the interpretation of early negative troponin, the risk in "apparently healthy" older smokers, the significance of smoking with non-diagnostic ECGs, the accuracy of ER-performed echocardiography, and the need for urgent catheterization in evolving non-STEMI cases.

Introduction: Nephrocalcinosis may be defined as deposition of calacium (in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate) in the substance of the kidney, a process that can impair the function of the kidney function. The disorder may be symmetric or, in anatomic disorders such as medullary sponge kidney, involve only a single kidney. Nephrocalcinosis is caused by a number of conditions including the excess excretion of calcium by the kidney, renal tubular acidosis, medullary sponge kidney, hypercalcemia, renal cortical necrosis, and tuberculosis. Case Details: A 50-year-old male presented with loin to groin pain for the last 2 months. It was not associated with fever, dysuria or hematuria. He has been suffering from hypertension and dyslipidemia for last 5 years. No other significant past history was found. Multiple USG, X-Ray KUBP, CECT KUB with urogram and Urinary PCR was performed, all of tests revealed same finding of having two calculi in left kidney. The patient complained about having repeated episode of nephrolithiasis in renal colic. Later with detailed study a renal biopsy was performed and findings of left renal parenchymal calcification was confirmed. Conclusion: Patients with medullary nephrocalcinosis may develop nephrolithiasis leading to repeated episodes of renal colic. Treatment of the underlying cause can prevent recurrent renal calculus formation and hence reduce the morbidity associated with the disease.

Essential oils are volatile hydrophobic substances with pleasant scents that have demonstrated antimicrobial properties. Their natural origin makes essential oils a potential alternative for treating infectious diseases. They possess antibacterial, antifungal, and other properties. Therefore, this paper shows a simple method for extracting essential oil from T. vulgaris and some of its antimicrobial properties.

The energy crisis is a global problem that arises mainly due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, limited availability of resources, and increasing energy demand. This crisis not only affects economic growth, but also fuels environmental imbalances and climate change. Development of alternative and renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass energy and hydropower is essential to ensure energy security. In addition, energy conservation, use of efficient technology and policy reforms by the government also play an important role. The study briefly discusses the major causes, impacts and safeguards of the energy crisis to strive towards a sustainable energy solution.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a cationic biguanide compound that exhibits strong antimicrobial activity by destabilising bacterial cell walls and membranes. This case highlights the unusual presentation of contact dermatitis caused by a commonly used antiseptic liquid containing chlorhexidine gluconate. Case Presentation: An 8-year-old male presented to Dermatology OPD with an acute erythematous painful rash on the nape of the neck. The patient has a history of abrasion injury 2 days back for which the parent applied chlorhexidine-containing antiseptic liquid locally. The relationship between chlorhexidine and adverse drug reaction was assessed according to the WHO causality scale and was determined to be ‘Probable/Likely’. The patient was managed by topical steroids and oral antihistamines. Conclusion: Our case contributes to the increasing evidence of chlorhexidine hypersensitivity in the paediatric population. Clinicians must be cognizant of the numerous possible contact sources with chlorhexidine-containing antiseptics and personal hygiene products containing chlorhexidine as a preservative. It is crucial to recognise catastrophic reactions that may occur due to chlorhexidine sensitisation.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide, serving as both a staple food and a primary source of income for millions. Its grain quality is influenced by genetic, environmental, and management related factors, with test weight (hectoliter weight) being a key parameter for commercial classification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the biostimulant Penergetic, applied in different forms and dosages, on wheat yield and grain quality. The field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using the ORS Soberano cultivar in a randomized block design with six treatments and eight replications. Treatments involving the combined application of the biostimulant in both liquid and solid formulations resulted in improved foliar health, indicating reduced biotic stress and enhanced biological balance in the soil. Consequently, significant increases in both grain yield and quality were observed, particularly in the treatment with the highest dosage, which achieved a test weight exceeding 80 kg.hL⁻¹. The biostimulant effect of the commercial Penergetic product contributed to enhanced enzyme activity in the soil, improved plant nutrient uptake, better foliar health, and overall vegetative development. The findings indicate that biostimulants based on Penergetic Technology significantly increase wheat yield and grain quality, with the most pronounced benefits observed under the combined application of both liquid and solid formulations at the highest tested dosage. These results emphasise the essential role of soil biological fertility in determining wheat crop performance.

The first decision was made to retrain the Russian language teachers with English language teachers’ preparation course for secondary school in Mongolia in 1991. Within the framework of the education sector reform, the discussion was held on improving the foreign language teaching policy and steps were taken to develop English as one of the main foreign languages of instruction in 1995. The first English language training centers had been established which was based on market and social demand since 1993. This study aims to clarify the dynamics and quality changes in English language teaching that based on the case of the foreign language training center in Ulaanbaatar, which started with English language course in 1996. In this context: First, a quantitative study was conducted using content analysis on the archival documents of the training center (1996-2024). Second, in order to verify the results of the quantitative study, a qualitative semi-structured expert interview method was used to conduct an interview survey with managers of English language training centers. As a result, conclusions were drawn about the dynamics and quality changes in English language teaching in the training centers.

Background: Newborn jaundice is frequent and typically not harmful. In neonatal hospitals and postnatal wards phototherapy is commonly employed as the initial course of treatment for newborn jaundice because it is non-invasive and has a low risk of long-term side effects, it is currently the recommended course of treatment for newborn hyperbilirubinemia. Although it has some side effects like skin rash, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, hyperthermia, circadian rhythm dysfunction, and bronze baby syndrome. Aim: The study was conducted to know how phototherapy is effective in neonatal jaundice and to determine the side effects of phototherapy in neonates. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective observational study that was performed through a data collection form for 9 months. The data collected include neonates' demographic details, bilirubin levels, side effects, and recovery rate. Results: The study was performed on 900 neonates in different hospitals. From this data 549 neonates are females while 351 are male neonates. Among them, 77% are normal weight while 18% and 5% are underweight and overweight respectively. Among 900 neonates 554 are with phototherapy and 346 are without phototherapy. In this 539 are recovered 15 are not recovered and neonates experienced rashes of 426 while 346, 447 experienced dehydration and skin color changes respectively. Conclusion: According to our study, we suggest that sun exposure is a natural remedy for newborn jaundice. Patients with hyperbilirubinemia require phototherapy for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours. The overall amount of bilirubin determines how long phototherapy will last.

Introduction: Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the marketing, buying, and selling of merchandise or service over the Internet. It encompasses the entire scope of online products and services from start to finish. E-commerce facilitates the growth of an online business. Online shopping is an e-commerce format. This work helps the user to order their products online. The product provider will get those orders and will make a bag for them and the customers can get their products. Item-based collaborative filtering is used to find the similarities between the products brought by the customer and to recommend the most similar product. This helps in making even the visitor into a customer.

The review examines the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis, risk factors for the development of this disease, pathogenesis, etiology and sensitivity of pathogens to antibiotics, and presents modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. Methods of prevention and promising areas of research for neonatal sepsis are discussed.