Assessment of land use land cover changes in prayagraj city and its impact: A spatio-temporal analysis

Urbanization has significantly altered the landscape of Indian cities, and Prayagraj is no exception. This study examines Land Use- Land Cover (LULC) changes in Prayagraj city over a 32-year period between 1991 to 2023 using geospatial techniques. By comparing satellite-derived maps and classified LULC categories using GIS, the study quantifies the extent and pattern of urban expansion while identifying the sectors most affected by this transformation. The findings reveal a sharp increase in built-up areas—from 52.5% in 1991 to 77.5% in 2023—accompanied by a corresponding decline in vegetation, open land, and agricultural zones. These shifts are closely linked to population growth, infrastructure development, and socio-economic changes. The study further interprets the key drivers behind these transformations and discusses the spatial patterns of land conversion. Based on these insights, the paper provides targeted recommendations for sustainable urban land management, emphasizing compact city planning, green infrastructure, strict land-use regulation, and the integration of geospatial monitoring in urban policy frameworks. The research highlights the urgent need for proactive planning to ensure that urban growth in Prayagraj remains ecologically and socially balanced.