Table of Contents: Volume 15; Issue 01; January 2023

Les sites forestiers sous la pression humaine se retrouvent confinés sur des sols non cultivables sous forme d’îlots forestiers et sur des domaines protégés et classés. Dans le souci d’un développement durable et pour des services écosystémiques profitables à la population, le suivi de l’environnement est nécessaire à l’aide des indicateurs biologiques d’anthropisation. Ainsi, des suivis écologiques ont été réalisés dans la zone de cultures, la zone de pâtures et dans la forêt classée de la Mou de 2020 à 2022. Ces suivis écologiques ont consisté à faire des inventaires floristiques et entomologiques en début et la fin des saisons des pluies durant deux années consécutives dans la commune rurale de Koumbia dans le bassin cotonnier de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso. La richesse spécifique de la flore et de l’entomofaune était croissante de la zone de culture vers la forêt classée. Aussi, des espèces se sont distinguées comme étant des bioindicateurs des zones de pâtures et des reliques des formations naturelles, qui subsistent à l’intérieur de la forêt. Pachnoda cordata cordata (Drury,1773) et Pachnoda marginata marginata (Drury, 1773), des espèces de Cetoniinae ont eu des densités significatives dans la zone de pâtures (p <0,05) tandis que des espèces de Nymphalidae Charaxes epijasiu sepijasius (Reiche, 1850)et Charaxes viola viola (Butler, 1866) ont eu des densités significativement élevées dans la forêt classée. Il ressort que la forêt classée joue le rôle de refuge pour des espèces à écologie fragile comme Chlorocala guerini (Janson, 1888) et Stephanorrhina guttata guttata (Olivier, 1789) qui sont des espèces de cétoines. Ces résultats encouragent la conservation et la préservation des îlots de formations végétales naturelles pour qu’elles soient des zones de refuge et de transition de la biodiversité des insectes.

This article aims to develop the teaching-learning methodology for solving problems related to the Theory of Divisibility at the Higher Education in Cabinda. The study involved three Institutes, namely of Educational Sciences, Polytechnic Institute and Lusíadas Polytechnic Institute. This research arises as our experience as Mathematics teacher and the result of observation in the pedagogical practice of teachers, which contradicts the recommendations expressed in official documents of the Angolan Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Based on Polya's theory of solving problems, were elaborated a methodological proposal for teaching how to solve problems related to the Divisibility Theory in an investigative perspective. A questionnaire was applied in the classrooms, with students aged between eighteen and over twenty-six years old who were not used to working with problems related to the Theory of Divisibility. We chose to work with a quali-quantitative research methodology to understand how students relate to problems and identify the strategies used to solve them in their daily lives.

The incubator makes it possible to deal with many problems of poultry farming in a country like Burkina Faso. Indeed, the incubator allows good visibility of the eggs, a remarkable hatching rate. A computer program carried out using programming tools such as Arduino, provides built-in automatic temperature and humidity control and a programmable automatic rotation system who optimizes the performance of incubators. Beyond its many advantages there are shortcomings in which one can enumerate late and early hatching, chick malformations, infertile eggs and chick death during hatching.

The Mayo kebbi mafic-ultramafic intrusions are represented by gneiss–amphibolite complex, which is exposed east of the Zalbi Group. They consist mainly of gabbro-diorite, amphibolites, gneiss amphibole, hornblendite and pyroxenite. The mineral assemblages are characterised by amphibole (hornblende), plagioclase, pyroxene and chlorite. Our electron microprobe analysis showed that, the most of mafic –ultramafic rock mineral are calcic-amphoble. Where hornblende are more Magnesio (Fe2+

Background: Tracheomalacia is a structural deficit of the tracheal cartilages inducing excessive collapsibility of the trachea. Origin: Acquired conditions more common in adults. Case report: A report of a 23year old lady who presented with a benign, simple small sized goiter of 9 months duration scheduled for thyroidectomy. She had no retrosternal extension, pressure symptoms or features of respiratory insufficiency. Patient had thin, fragile depigmented (bleached) skin with discolouration. She had extensive skin striae (stretch marks) on the trunk, abdomen and pelvic region despite having s slim stature. She had been using a potent skin whitening cream containing two potent topical steroids for about 3 years. Prior to surgery, patient had intravenous exogenous dexamethasone to prevent the potential risk of the suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis with a subsequent inappropriate response to surgery. Intra-operatively the lead surgeons had called the teams’ attention to the abnormal anatomy of the patients’ trachea. The lumen of the trachea appeared narrowed as evidenced by the reduced anterior-posterior airway caliber with associated loss of the semicircular shape of the tracheal rings and bulging of the posterior membranous wall. The diagnosis of tracheomalacia was made and an emergency tracheostomy was performed. The endotracheal tube was extubated after proper suctioning. Surgery was concluded and patient was transferred to the high dependency unit for close monitoring. The serum cortisol and urinary cortisol levels were elevated (28mcg/dl and 55mcg/day respectively). This report highlights the unusual presentation of this patient and emphasizes the place of interprofessional team work required in her management. Conclusion: Tracheomalacia is a life threatening condition that is mostly of acquired origin in adults. Chronic use of topical steroids has been associated with systemic complications such as atrophy, and weakening of airway cartilages but these effects has been sparsely discussed or documented in literatures particularly relating to anaesthesia. This report presents an unusual presentation of suspected tracheomalacia secondary to chronic use of topical steroids.

Nutritional status of children is one of the major components of economic development of the country. According to 2011 censes, there are 472 million children of 0–18 years, comprising 39% of the country’s population and there is a huge burden of under nutrition among children. The imbalance between the nutrients the body needs and the nutrients it receives is known as malnutrition, which may take the form of either undernutrition or obesity. Health and physical consequences of prolonged states of malnourishment among children include delays in their physical growth and motor development, lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, greater behavioral problems and social skill deficiencies, susceptibility to contracting diseases, and others. During this crucial period, many factors like low birth weight baby, inappropriate feeding practices, morbidity factors (diarrhea and ARIs), low socioeconomic status and others lead to malnutrition. The study tried to find out the nutritional status ofunder 5 year children and low birth weight(LBW) baby including the child morbidity in Birbhum district, West Bengal using the secondary datasheet for NFHS-4 & NFHS-5.

Bowen's disease is an in situ squamous cell carcinoma. The condition affects the skin and mucous membranes and carries a risk of transformation into invasive squamous cell carcinoma after several months or years of development. The risk factors for the development of Bowen's disease are sun exposure, exposure to ionizing radiation, immunosuppression, chronic dermatoses, papillomavirus and arsenic. We report a case of Bowen's disease occurring on a surgical drain scar, which underlines the importance of monitoring any delayed healing after removal of a surgical drain.

Mucormycosis or black fungus is a non-septate filamentous fungal infection that causes potentially life-threatening conditions. This typical infection affects immunocompromised and diabetic patients most of the time and the symptoms of this deadly infectious condition depend on the site of origin, but generally facial structures (nose, sinuses, eye, and brain) are most involved. The major route of infection spread is via inhalation, which then involves the lungs and paranasal sinuses. The highest risk of fungal mucoromycetes infection is in those patients diagnosed and treated for COVID-19 with broad-spectrum antibiotics, non-invasive ventilation, and received corticosteroid therapies. Patients who had pre-existing diseases, such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, and chronic renal failure, and developed COVID-19 on top of it are particularly predisposed to contracting the mucormycotic infection. Any suspected case of mucormycosis requires rapid diagnosis and management due to its rapid progression as well as the destructive course of infection. This article reviews the taxonomy, risk factors, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and various treatment modalities of Mucormycosis.

Background: As the future of our healthcare system is in the hands of the current medical students, we aimed in this study to deduce the prevalence and determinants of obesity among Al-Maarefa medical students. This is of importance due to society's perspective on medical students, as they are the future doctors. So, we would like to encourage the university to start an educational program. Objective:Our study aims to identify the prevalence and determinants of obesity among medical students at Al-Maarefa University, Saudi Arabia Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students at Al- Maarefa University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia. After obtaining permission from the college authority, self- administered, pre-coded, pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to 450 medical students. Results: The study included 402 medical students who completed the study questionnaire. in which 37.79% were in clinical years and 62.21% were in preclinical years; and the mean age was 22 years. Exactly 51% of participants were female and 49% were male. Conclusions: We found that 10.20% of participants were underweight,21.39% were overweight, and 13.2% were obese. The prevalence of obesity among students in clinical years was higher. Male students had higher prevalence of obesity compared to female students. Risk factors for obesity were age and a family history of the condition. Our study revealed high prevalence of obesity and overweight among medical students at Al-Maarefa university. This shed light on the need for educational programs to encourage a healthy lifestyle, healthy diet, and physical activities to avoid obesity and its related complications.

COVID-19 has affected the population worldwide drastically with a tremendous impact on obstetric population which has led to serious concerns regarding maternal and fetal outcomes. Although there are recommended guidelines regarding delivery and management of complications, due to changes in characteristics of COVID-19 infection, they are constantly changing and evolving. Methods: Prospective cohort study done during the covid pandemic from 1st April 2020 to 15th Feb 2022 in the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, SKIMS MCH Srinagar J&K.The parameters measured were severity of covid disease, maternal age, gestational age, parity, blood investigations, mode of delivery, APGAR score, neonatal infection status and post-delivery complications. Results: A total of 311 pregnant covid 19 positive patients were included in the study who were actively managed.239 (76.85%)were delivered by casearean section and 72(23.15%) by NVD. 92% patients had mild symptoms only,8% had severe symptoms with 1.6% rate of ICU admission and 1.2% mortality rate.83%delivered at term,17%had preterm deliveries.8% patients had pneumonitis with positive findings on CT scan.24% patients had anemia,12% had GDM,10 % had PIH,12.86% had IHCOP,5% had PPH,1.6% had APH.All the neonates were negative for covid 19. 80% babies had an APGAR score of ≥8/10 at 1 min of birth with a mean birth weight of 2400g±500.No post delivery complication was noted. Conclusion: Our study concludes that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can lead to unfavorable maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Background: Two percent of all pancreatitis is accounted by Drug induced pancreatitis. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, a patient can be diagnosed with Drug induced pancreatitis only after alcohol use, and cholelithiasis are excluded. The diagnosis can be made by establishing a temporal link between the drugs and the development of pancreatitis in the patient who does not have any other factors that can contribute to the development of pancreatitis. Case report: Here we present a case of 18 years old female who presented to the emergency room with acute onset severe pain abdomen 7 days after being started on Tablet Orlistat for the treatment of obesity. The patient does not give any history of alcohol consumption habits. Diagnosis of pancreatitis was established by elevated levels of amylase and lipase and CT abdomen showed a bulky pancreas with peri pancreatic fluid with no evidence of gallbladder and hepatobiliary abnormality. Conclusion: Tablet Orlistat is being extensively used for the treatment of obesity. Few studies have shown that Orlistat can trigger Drug induced pancreatitis in certain patients, so it should be prescribed cautiously, especially in patients at high risk of pancreatic injury.

Background: To create a 3D representation of the white matter bundles in the brain, dMRI uses the diffusion of water molecules along axons. This function is very helpful for planning a surgical approach and seeing how a tumor affects the surrounding white matter. Objective: This article examines the various applications of dMRI in improving brain surgery, as well as its advantages and drawbacks. We discuss surgical methods that can be used in conjunction with dMRI to enhance the impact of the procedure on the patient’s recovery, such as loading 3D tractography into the neuronavigation system and using direct electrical stimulation to confirm the location of the targeted white matter bundles. Methods: We looked at research that support dMRI results with other anatomical study methods, like postmortem dissections, manganese-enhanced MRI, electrical stimulations, and phantom experiments with established ground truth, in recent meta-analysis, research articles. We will talk about the parts of the brain where dMRI works well and where the obstacles lie in the future. Results: Tractography has lots of potential. Preoperative Tractography can assess the neural pathways and assist surgeons for optimal surgical approach. The technology is still in development. Conclusion: The review will be concluded with recommendations and key takeaways for neurosurgeons, on how to advance the discipline and reap the rewards of using tractography in clinical practice.

Introduction: The ‘guided endodontics’ technique was introduced in 2017 as a substitute for the conventional access cavity preparation for teeth with canal obliteration, apical pathosis or irreversible pulpitis. With the help of cone-beam computed tomography and a digital surface scan, an optimal access to the calcified root canal orifice can be planned virtually with suitable software. AIM: The aim of this review was to provide with an update on the application of guided endodontics for calcified root canals. Materials and Methods: A search of the particular literature was performed on four electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science until October 2022. Studies that answered the research question were included (i) application of guided endodontics for calcified canals, (ii) case reports and (iii) in vitro or ex vivo studies assessing types, advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes of its use and the accuracy as well as limitations of guided endodontics for calcified canals. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) Articles in any language other than English, (ii) Articles before the year 2017 (iii) experts’ opinion and (iv) guideline reports. The researchers reviewed the complete list of articles and selected the articles that were potentially relevant. Later, full-text screening was performed and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. The articles those dealt with a topic other than that of interest to this literature review were also excluded. Conclusion: GE seems to be extremely promising. Favorable laboratory-based results regarding the accuracy of guided endodontic access cavities for both static and dynamic navigation provided better insight towards it being more accurate and safer.

Background: Implantology is becoming a speciality in thefield of dentistry in the last few decades dentistry appears to have recorded its most sign I cant advancement in the field of dental implantology. Replacement of lost teeth with dental implants are widely accepted as a prosthetic treatment of completely or partially edentulous patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of acceptance and challenges among Dental practitioners. Method: The survey was constructed using a convenient sampling method with self administered questionnaires among dental practtioner between October and November 2022. Results: majority of questioned subjects knew about the dental implants and accept it as a treatment option for replacing missing teeth. Conclusion: Dental implant is an accepted treatment modality in India.

Purpose: The role of tourism industry for accelerating the growth of a nation is discussed here. One of the objectives of this study is to observe the trend of year wise domestic tourist visits into different states and union territories (UTs) of India during 1991 - 2021. The other important objective is to analyse the simultaneous relationship across FDI, GDP as an indicator of economic growth and foreign exchange earnings from tourism (FET) in respect of Indian economy. Focus is also put on determining pair-wise causal relationship among the aforesaid variables. Methodology: Three year moving average method is used to observe trend of year wise domestic tourist visits into different states and Union Territories (UTs) of India during 1991-2021. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips – Peron (PP) test for unit root is used here. Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model is used here to see the simultaneous relationship among these three variables. Finally pair-wise Granger Causality test is used to examine the direction of causality among them. Results / Conclusion: Using three yearly moving averages, we got a smooth upward rising curve till 2019. This study also shows the unidirectional relation of FDI on GDP and GDP on FET. By analysing the result of this study we see that there is no influence of FDI on FET. We can say that if FDI and FET have positive influence on each other then it becomes beneficial for economic growth. There is needed inflow of FDI in tourism sector, in constructing roads for better transport, infrastructure, hotels, renovation and construction of tourism site etc. We also see that FDI has influential effect on GDP but not the other way round. So Govt. may encourage FDI inflow in tourism sector which might enhance FET and contribute to GDP growth. Hence favourable policies should be recommended and implemented that will encourage inflow of FDI in tourism sector which will prove beneficial for engendering GDP. Apart from this, further research is needed for analysing the impact of FDI on FET, effect of FET on GDP and influence of GDP on FDI.

Snail was invertebrate host of many parasites including trematode, nematode and annelid. Trematode are endoparasites that present a complex life cycle, generally involving an intermediate invertebrate host and a vertebrate host. Many studies have focused on the diversity of trematodes in molluscs in several countries of the world. But research on mollusc parasites is little addressed in Africa, especially in West Africa. The aim of this study was to conduct a freshwater snail survey to assess the diversity and the relation with a focus on habitat types and their parasites infections. Snails were collected in different areas of central plateau region and examined. A total of 936 individuals’ snail was collected and classified into four families, 6 genera, and 8 species. Snail diversity was higher in soil. The most abundant species was Melanoides tuberculata, representing 23.08% of the sample and the reservoir of Loumbila records the abundant and diversity of snail species. Three species of snail were free of parasites. They are Biomphalaria Pfeifferi, Bulinus joussemei and Melanoides tuberculata. The harvested parasites are divided into two groups that are the trematodes (12 species) and Annelids (1 specie) with an overall rate of 6.60%. The Shannon diversity index showed that parasitic diversity varied between the two sites based on infected hosts, micro-habitats and seasonal periods. Cleopatrasp presented the highest diversity of parasite among the species of gastropods collected. The infection rate varied according to the collection months and according to the micro-habitats. Lecithodendriumsp only had an aggregated distribution during this study.

In the present scenario, the Digital banking is one of the most important developments for the banking industry in its long history. The demand of banking is anytime, anywhere banking, this requires innovative robust secure optimized and ready to meet the expectations of empowered and tech savvy customers. However, despite the many benefits that online banking provides to customers, there are also a number of major concerns and challenges for marketers in the online banking sector. Traditional banking habits, security, technical issues, transaction difficulties, and small marketing budgets are all major challenges that online banking marketers will have to reconcile if they are to succeed in this field. The present study is based on secondary data. The data has been extracted from the various sources like research articles, publications from government of India, various bulletins of RBI and authenticated websites. The study found that, digital banking has drastically reduced the operating costs of banks. This has made it possible for banks to charge lower fees for services and also offer higher interest rates for deposits. Lower operating costs have meant more profits for the banks. The study also found that, digital banking is having enormous potential to change the landscape of financial inclusion. Easy use of digital banking can accelerate the integration of unbanked economy to the mainstream.

Several authors have studied the prevalence and incidence of violence against women, but there have been few systematic attempts to investigate the financial consequences of the problem, that too mostly in developed countries. But the criminal justice policy debates can no longer ignore the basic economics of public policy choices. Violence against women is unquestionably a public problem because the entire society pays monetarily, as well as non-monetarily. Violence against women is enormously costly – to the women who experience violence directly, to women generally whose lives are constrained by the fear of violence, and to governments whose expenditures are swollen by responding to some of the consequences of this violence. In the Indian context, there has been no comprehensive study estimating the cost of violence against women. Establishing robust estimates are subject to significant data restrictions. Therefore, the present paper is an attempt to investigate the methodological aspects of estimating the costs of violence against women on the victim, family, and the State. The paper is based on desk review and critical analysis of various research studies and reports on violence against women. Measuring the full economic impact of this issue is the key to inspiring greater efforts to reduce the prevalence of violence against women.

Le régime révolutionnaire amorcé depuis le 26 octobre 1972 des suites d´un coup d´État a fait parler de lui, entre autres, en termes de quelques réformes mais surtout de mal gouvernance et de confiscation des libertés publiques. Les crises sociale, économique et politique qui s´en sont suivies ont amené les masses populaires ignorées, marginalisées, opprimées à prendre conscience de leur statut de dominés qui ne leur paraissait fatal. Dès lors, comment ces acteurs dominés se sont-ils organisés et à travers quelles stratégies pour braver les pratiques dictatoriales de « l´État-commando » pendant la période révolutionnaire ? La présente recherche répond à cette question centrale qui analyse leur résistance, assimilable à des « insubordinations sociales », comme le produit d´un long processus fait d´actions et d´événements majeurs sonnant le glas du régime et ouvrant la voie à de la transition démocratique dès 1990. De nature qualitative, elle est alimentée par un recueil de témoignages dans les principales régions du Bénin connues pour être le bastion de la lutte contre la révolution du fait de leur posture oppositionnelle au pouvoir. Ce corpus, qui s´étend à des données obtenues de l´exploitation des documents d´archives et autres coupures de presse, est moulé dans un paradigme analytique qui associe la Grounded Theory et la sociohistoire, ouvertes à la théorie des relations dominants-dominés avec les stratégies de la résistance à la domination. Ainsi, les résultats auxquels aboutit cette sociologie de l´action collective et des mouvements sociaux antirévolutionnaires, débouchent sur l´innovation dans la contestation de la révolution et la synergie d´action retrouvée entre élèves et étudiants pendant les soulèvements populaires de 1985, sur la généralisation et la radicalisation de la résistance contre l´État-commando en 1989, sur la multisectorialité des niveaux d´implication d´acteurs clés réunis au sein de la Convention du peuple sous l´impulsion du Parti Communiste du Dahomey (PCD), et sur l´ingéniosité syndicale avec la trouvaille des « Bureaux de liaison ».