August 2022

Contract of employment has not been defined either in legislations or in case laws. Over the years, the courts have adopted various tests in order to determine whether or not a certain relationship amounts to a relationship of employment. We should be aware that a "contract of employment" is also known as a "contract of service". However, a contract for services is a contract whereby a person is merely under an obligation to perform some work or service for another person, without an employment relationship being created between the two. Conceivably no business activity can be carried on creating legal obligations without a contract. The contract of employment means a contract of personal service which creates a relationship of employer and employee under the contract of service as opposed to the relationship of employer and an independent contractor under the contract for services. We know in some of the cases it becomes very difficult to distinguish even between contract of service and contract for services because of the vagueness of the tests of control by the employer over the employee. The contract is present in both the cases. But the test is, in case there is a breach of contract, is the employer entitled to claim merely damages in law? or is he entitled' to take disciplinary action against an employee? If the employer is entitled to take disciplinary action under the contract then the contract is of service and in case he can claim only damages for breach then contract is for services. The contract is present in both the cases. But the test is, in case there is a breach of contract, is the employer entitled to claim merely damages in law? or is he entitled' to take disciplinary action against an employee? If the employer is entitled to take disciplinary action under the contract then the contract is of service and in case he can claim only damages for breach then contract is for services. The contract of employment may be formed by express written agreement, express oral agreement, or by conduct. We can trace the sorce of contract of employment from different Statutes, Awards of Industrial Tribunals and Labour Courts, Settlement agreements and Industrial Employment Standing Orders. The authors made an attempt to analyse the meaning of Contract of employment and its sources and about the enforciability of the same in different heads.

Background: Exhibitions in art galleries can be digitized and accessed by visitors through virtual reality. The main question of this study seeks to find out what are the reactions, impressions and suggestions of a group of participants viewing an exhibition can be explored both in physical space and in virtual reality. objective(s) The main purpose of this paper is to observe the interest of art gallery visitors in VR technology used for art exhibitions and to analyze how well they interact with the VR experience dedicated to an art gallery. Materials and Methods: The VR experience developed as a result of this study offers users a virtual space in which they can find the events that took place in the Aparte gallery at the George Enescu University in Iași, by faithfully capturing all the elements in the exhibition space following the digitization of the gallery and the exhibited works. The works have been digitized by photogrammetry, respect the proportions in reality and offer users a high degree of detail. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, think-aloud, and notes were taken while using the VR app. The group of participants in this experiment could experience both the virtual exhibition and the exhibition that took place in the physical space. Results: We collected the answers to the survey questions from 30 visitors who tested the VR experience. 15 men and 15 women took part in the experiment, and the age range was between 25 and 60 years. A high level of interest in virtual reality was noted, and most participants enthusiastically approached the proposal to participate in the experiment, verbally mentioning their desire and curiosity to explore the VR art gallery exhibit. Conclusion: The virtual art gallery is a solution in terms of space, dimensions, and even location, as it can be accessed from anywhere via the Internet and can accommodate any type of exhibit. More than 90% of the participants stated that they agree or strongly agree to use the VR set in exhibitions in the future, and after experiencing the VR application, most of the participants expressed their desire to see more such exhibitions in VR and they noted some advantages of this type of experience, such as viewing exhibitions from home or exploring past exhibitions that they had not been able to get to.

Leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor of smooth muscle origin, which in orbit can arise in the uvea (iris, ciliary body and heterotrophic smooth muscle of choroid). It often demonstrates a slow growth pattern & it is difficult to detect by routine ophthalmic examination at the early stage and the majority of cases of ciliary body tumor present a melanoma-like appearance clinically. Here, we are presenting a rare case of giant leiomyoma arising from ciliary body & choroid in a 21-year-old male presented with painful blind eye.

The urban center of Zogbodomey is in prey to an urbanization accelerated since some years. This situation that is due to the demographic growth of the locality generates important problems of which the one of the management of the fundamental. The present survey aims to contribute to a better knowledge to the fundamental management in the urban center of Zogbodomey. The adopted methodological gait articulates around the collection of the data regrouping the documentary research, of the investigatings in real environment through interviews, of the direct observations, of the treatment of the data and the analysis of the results with the help of the SWOT model. The analysis of the results watch that the population of the urban center of Zogbodomey deludes exponential. Besides, the prices of transfer of the parcels vary 150 000 FCFA in 1 000 000 FCFA. Besides, the taxes on the fundamental vary from 17 910 285 FCFA in 2012 in 28 244 738 FCFA in 2015. This fundamental tax contributed to 55% of the fiscal returns in 2012 and 74% in 2015. On the other hand, the failure to respect of the classic phases of the plot notably the one of the urbanist and the non mastery of the norms concerning urbanization slow down the fundamental management. To palliate his/her/its problem, him urge that several actions are led to guarantee to the population of this township, the fundamental security and a good urbanization.

This work focuses on the development of insulators for meat grilling equipment. Indeed, the meat grilling sector in Burkina Faso is booming and uses very energy-intensive ovens. Very often, these ovens encounter thermal insulation problems at the level of the envelope. This is why this work aims to reduce the energy losses of equipment through the insulation of the walls. The insulators were made from a mixture of plaster and kapok wool which is a local insulator. The choice of these materials is based on their low cost, ease of access, biodegradability and ease of manufacture. The characterization tests of these insulators have shown very interesting results from the thermal and energy point of view. The thermal conductivities of the insulators developed are between 0.089 and 0.357 W/mK and they resist temperatures from 150°C to 400°C

Background: Partial nephrectomy is the treatment of choice for small renal tumors, however in recent times the open nephrectomy is being replaced by robotic or laproscopic approach which varies from centre to centre and surgeon expertise and hence different success and complication rates. Aim and Objective: To assess the feasibility of laproscopic partial nephrectomy in small renal tumors. Methods: In this observational study 16 consecutive subjects over a period of 18 months full filled the criteria of selection. All the subjects were operated by a single surgeon using laproscope. Results: All the subjects recovered fully without any major complication. None of the subjects had postoperation leak and all were discharged within 4 days of surgery. Conclusion: In experienced hands the laproscopic partial nephrectomy should be preferred because robotic surgery has cost restrictions in resource limited settings.

Dentists often come across patients who come to the clinic with the requirement of urgent treatment, and therefore the dentist must always be well equipped with knowledge and skills to be able to treat their patients in such emergency situations. In this review article, we will discuss some of the ways by which such situations can be handled.

Background: Candidemia, recognized as a fairly common disease in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, is of poor prognosis. Our study aimed to study the epidemiology of a series of candidemia and the factors favoring their aggravation in the intensive care unit (USI) of the Military Hospital of Tunis. Methodology: It is a retrospective study carried out in the laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology and the UCI of the Military Hospital of Tunis over six years. Blood cultures were performed in the MYCOSIS-IC/F® Becton Medium from Deckinson. The identification of the species was made by the chlamydosporulation test and the YST Vitek®2 card. These data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 software. Results: Of 3298 ICU admissions, 58 presented with candidemia resulting in an attack rate of 1.7%, or 17.5 episodes of candidemia per 1000 admissions. The average annual incidence was 9.6 cases/year. The mean age of the patients was 55 ± 15.9 years. We noted a male predominance in 59% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.4. The study of the pathological antecedents showed that these patients were followed mainly for pancreatitis (98.3%), diabetes (37.9%), and arterial hypertension (34.5%). The predominantly isolated species was C. albicans (48.33%). Multivariate analysis revealed that isolation of Candida albicans from blood cultures and arterial hypertension are significant factors of high mortality. Conclusion: This study allowed us to observe epidemiology and prognostic factors of candidemia in a Tunisian series. It can help resuscitators by allowing an optimization of the recommendations for the treatment of candidemia according to the prognostic factors.

This study is an attempt to find out role of open and distance educationin Inclusive education. Population of study was learners enrolled in B.Ed.(spl) programme in all semesters .Sample of study were 51 learners enrolled in fifth semester selected randomly. This is Quantative study based on survey method. The tool of data collection was developed by investigator as google form. Data collection was done through sharing a link of google form in WhatsApp groups to learners.. Inductive deductive method was applied for interpretation of findings. Uttarakhand Open University is playing a significant role in developing inclusive education in India. Open Universities working on philosophy of 3A(any time, any place &anybody)can play significant role in promoting equity and inclusion in higher education effectively. The aim of this study is to determine the role and place of inclusive education in open and distance learning.

A rare case report of asymptomatic gallstones implantation, following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this case, a 10mm epigastric port was the culprit, from where the gallbladder is retrieved, patient was admitted as case of liver abcess. After right subcostal incision for drainage of liver abcess, incidental finding of gallstones in epigastric port was observed. Thus, it is not always necessary that port site implantation of gallstones will present with port site infection and meticulous gallbladder dissection and retrieval of gallbladder specimen in an endobag is recommended to prevent such rare complication.

Background: A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident is defined as an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. Cerebral ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow that last longer than several seconds. Neurologic symptoms are manifested within seconds because neurons lack glycogen, so energy failure is rapid. If the cessation of blood flow lasts for more than few minutes, infarction or death of brain tissue results. When blood flow is quickly restored , brain tissue can recover fully and the patient symptoms are only transient: this is known as Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA). Within the ischemic bed are two zones: one is the core ischemic zone and other is penumbra or ischemic but still viable cells. Although it is considered to be a disease of old population, It is not infrequent in young adults. Stroke in young adult poses a Major socioeconomic health problem especially in developing countries.1 Aims and Objectives: To study etiology and clinical profile of stroke in young adults (15-45 years) in a tertiary care centre. Methodology: The study is based on prospective collection of data of 150 young adults aged between 15-45 years diagnosed as stroke who were admitted in medical ward or neurology ward in a tertiary care hospital. Patients admitted at Maharana Bhupal Government Hospital Udaipur diagnosed with stroke , confirmed with neuroimaging and meeting the inclusion criteria during study period of 2 years were taken into consideration for the study. Results: In this study 150 cases were admitted with stroke who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in study after taking consent. At presentation complete history, relevant clinical examination, neuroimaging was done. The etiology and clinical outcome were analyzed in this study. Conclusion: In this study, higher incidence of developing stroke is observed in males (M:F= 2.9:1). Most of the patients in this study population were in the age group of 41-45 years. Clinically, motor weakness was the predominant symptom observed. 24% of patients were diabetics, 28% were hypertensives, 52% were smokers and 54.6% were alcoholics. The most common artery involved was middle cerebral artery (82%) while the common etiology was atherosclerosis (50%).

Background The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of three types of toothbrushes on oral hygiene. Plaque and debris is intimately related to the production and progress of dental caries and inflammatory gingival and periodontal diseases. Good plaque and debris control facilitates the return to health for patients with gingival and periodontal diseases. Daily use of a toothbrush and other oral hygiene aids is the most dependable way to achieve oral health benefits for all patients. Methodology: A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacies of commercially available toothbrush in controlling plaque and debris over a 1-week period. The sample consisted of 45 dental students of both sexes, with ages ranging from 18 to 23 years. The samples were randomly divided into three groups of 10 by a second examiner using the coin toss method; group A used a toothbrush of the brand colgate , group B used the brand VIP and the group c used a toothbrush of the brand AJAY. Each participant’s oral hygiene index were assessed on the seventh day on the basis of the assigned toothbrush after brushing using modified bass technique. Collected data were analyzed and different subgroups were compared using Student’s t-test. Result: The participants who used tooth brushes of the brand colgate have a mean OHI-S value of 1.7 with standard deviation of 0.45. the mean OHI-S value and standard deviation of the participants who used thebrand VIP are 1.8 and 0.88 respectively, whereas AJAY users have a mean OHI-S value of 2.1 with a standard deviation of 0.75.Study showed no statistical difference between the three different type tooth brushes in controlling oral Debris or calculus. Conclusion: The tooth brushes are equally efficacious in controlling OHI-scoresno significant difference observed in the study.

Philip Pettit, has argued for the concept of Freedom as Discursive Control, leading towards non-domination as a political ideal of freedom. On the other hand, Jürgen Habermas is one of the major thinkers behind the concept of Deliberative Democracy; whereby political decisions are the product of fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens. This paper deals with Pettit’s idea of discourse and democratic traditions. Further, I have discussed how Pettit’s analysis can be compared with Habermas.

The uses of medicinal plants are influenced by the culture and perceptions of the local community. The plant resources found around community settlements living in remote areas also play an important role in providing materials for traditional medicine. The study reveals the diversity of medicinal plants in communities living in remote areas with limited access to the market is important as an effort in documenting the traditional knowledge. The documentation of ethnobotanical information is not as it were for the reason of creating the potential of these plants, but may have an effect on the preservation of nature. This study aimed to document the traditional knowledge on the diversity of medicinal plants used in Brgy. Berseba, Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. The research was conducted by the researchers through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The researchers used the data on medicinal plant diversity from the 15 key informants, with an age range from 40-65 years old. Ethno medicinal data were consolidated from the interviews, information was documented about plants local; name, scientific, their useful parts, and their medicinal uses. After the data collection, the results showed that there were 9 plant species used by local healers. These plant species were distributed to 9 genera in 8 families. The family of Ateraceae has 2 plant species and the remaining 7 families namely Poaceae, Myrateae, Menispermaceae, Rutaceae, Lauracea, and Piperacea. The local people and traditional healers in Brgy. Berseba, Bayugan City use different plants in their surroundings, utilizing various parts of them including leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and rhizome, which are also found to be similar practices observed in this study. Based on the responses and observations, the common ailments that are treated using medicinal plants are stomachache, fever, cough, diarrhea, hypertension, and arthritis. As the access to modern healthcare is limited, the majority of the people in Brgy. Berseba, Bayugan City still resorts to traditional healthcare practices although some use both traditional and modern medicine. The diversity of medicinal plants for health care documented in this study showed the valuable role of plant resources in supporting the daily needs and health care of the communities living in the fringe of forest areas. The documentation of the diversity of traditional medicinal plants in this study contributes to the preservation of traditional knowledge, as well as provides information on the potential of these plants for further development.

In order to study the magnetic field distribution characteristics of double-correlated defects, the ferromagnetic specimen is simulated and analyzed by MATLAB based on the principle of magnetic dipole, and the analytical expression of the leakage magnetic field strength at any point in the air of the specimen with double-defects is obtained. Through numerical calculation with MATLAB, the influence rule of defect width, defect depth and double-correlated defect spacing on magnetic memory signal is obtained. At the same time, the first-order differential curve of magnetic memory signal and Lissajous figure are introduced to further verify the correctness of the conclusion, which is suitable for practical engineering applications. Provide reference for defect detection of medium ferromagnetic materials.

Background: There is an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to change in lifestyle. India is predicted to be a global capital of diabetes. In India, the disease is now also prevalent in rural areas. Aim: To assess clinical profile of T2DM in a rural tertiary care centre. Methods: 120 T2DM patients were included in this study at Department of Medicine, Dr Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra at Tanda. The patients’ data were recorded on a predesigned proforma. Results: 38% aged >60 years. 57% were females, 39% of the patients had hypertension. 14% of the patients had ischemic heart disease while half of albuminuria patients had microalbuminuria. Conclusion: The T2DM patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and albuminuria.

Background: A wide variety of lesions both neoplastic and non-neoplastic are seen in the oral cavity. Benign lesions are the most predominant histopathologic diagnosis. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to study the clinical and histopathological pattern of oral cavity lesions diagnosed in our department. Methods: A retrospective one year study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, GMC Srinagar and the all oral cavity biopsies received by the department were included in the study. Results: A total of 283 oral cavity lesions were diagnosed in the department. Non-neoplastic lesions were predominant category accounting for 72.4% of cases. Malignant lesions comprised of 9.54%of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor accounting for (4.59%). The buccal mucosa was the most affected site (41.34%). Conclusion: Non-neoplastic lesions were most predominant pathology affecting oral cavity in our study. Malignant lesions can mimic benign pathology clinically so histopathology is mandatory for exact diagnosis and patient management.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) ≥25mmHg. Right heart catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard for PH assessment but it has fallen out of fashion for the routine assessment of PH due to its invasiveness. More recently, Doppler echocardiography which is a non-invasive, cost-effective, and more readily available tool has become a favorable modality for the screening and serial assessment of PH in HF. The aim of this study was to identify Echocardiographic doppler correlates of pulmonary hypertension in heart failure patients. This study was carried out at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. The study population included one hundred and fifty patients (150) who were consecutively admitted into the medical wards for heart failure. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where consenting patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited consecutively. PASP, MPAP, PAAT,PADP, RVET and PAAT/RVET measurement were obtained, MPAP was derived from PASP using the Chemla formula. PH was defined as MPAP >25mmHg. Pulmonary artery acceleration time was measurable in all the subjects in the study population (100%), while TR was measurable in 104 (69.3%) of them. The prevalence of PH in HF using MPAP (PAAT) was 54%, while using PASP it was 44%. Tricuspid regurgitation was measurable in 104 (69.3%) subjects in the study population. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension using PASP was 54%. This showed that patients with tricuspid regurgitation had significantly higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (p<0.001). Patients with PH had higher mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 47.4±1.5mmHg, while those without PH had mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 31.3±7.1mmHg (p = 0.017). Similarly, patients with pulmonary hypertension had higher mean pulmonary artery pressure of 32.7±6.4mmHg compared to patients without pulmonary hypertension (p < 0.001). The mean pulmonary artery pressure derived from pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) was significantly higher in patients with PH. Patients with PH had mean pulmonary artery pressure of 38.4±3.1mmHg while those without PH had a mean value of 15.8±0.6 (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between MPAP derived from PAAT and PASP in patients with PH, without PH and the total population (r=0.74, p=<0.001, r= 0.85, p<0.001, r= 0.90, p<0.001). There was a significant inverse relationship between PAAT/RVET and RVSP (p<0.001). Also, Linear regression analysis showed significant prediction of PASP from PAAT [ R2 = 0.641; F = 50.09 (p<0.001); B=1.34; β = 0.80; p<0.001]. Conclusion: Pulmonary hypertension is a common finding in patients admitted for heart failure. PAAT and PAAT/RVET have been shown to be excellent correlates of RVSP therefore utilizing them for technically difficult Echo procedures where good TR spectral Doppler flow cannot be gotten will be an invaluable tool.

Background: There are large racial variations in the characteristic features of anterior open bite among different population groups throughout the world. The purpose of this comparative study was to find out significant dento-alveolar differences between Bengali anterior openbite and normal subjects to identify any peculiarity in dental factors that may help to categorize the dental pattern of anterior open bite in this particular population group. Methods: Lateral cephalometric films of 30 Bengali subjects having anterior open bite were compared with lateral cephalometric films of 30 normal Bengali subjects by dental parameters. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in two dental parameters. Conclusion: More acute interincisal angle and increased proclination of maxillary anterior teeth were found in anterior open bite subjects.

In this paper, the role of Fair Price Shops (FPS) under Public Distribution System (PDS) in improving socio-economic condition and food security of PDS beneficiaries in Nagaland is investigated. The FPSs of all the sampled villages in the three districts of Nagaland state in India are surveyed and information is drawn out with the help of pertinent queries in questionnaire which are posed to FPSs’ owners. During the survey, interaction with FPSs dealers, with the help of questionnaires, covers wide range of issues such as variety of commodities sold, problems encountered in running FPSs, demand and supply mismatch, beneficiaries’ satisfaction to service rendered by FPSs, gap between dealers’ report and beneficiaries’ report on variety and quantity of commodities distributed to beneficiaries, dealers’ perception about the impact of PDS in ensuring food security of nutritionally challenged section and improving socio-economic condition of targeted masses etc. Apart from asking questions from the questionnaire, information on any relevant issue in the functioning of FPSs is unearthed through the field survey. All the collected information is processed, analyzed and interpreted in terms of findings. The functioning of FPSs with regard to its impact on socio-economic condition and food security of the people in the state under the coverage of PDS is approximately evaluated in the paper.