Scanning electron microscopic studies on the defense gland system of Pheropsophus hilaris (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The pygidial defense gland of the Pheropsophus hilaris consists of two big gland (g1 and g2), two small reservoirs (r1 and r2) sac like structures filled with secretion with associated secretary tissues and basal eversible membrane structures. The complex structure consisting of two sets of secretary lower collection canals, collector reservoir, one – way valve, sphincter muscles, exit taken and exit nozzle. The bombardier beetle has been the subject of much discussion by creationists and evolutionists alike. Resent reports demonstrate and sophistication and accuracy with which these carabid beetles deliver a spray of hot quinines and steam of ward off predators. In this study the pygidial gland is studied under scanning electron microscopy and are shown to be quite complex this complexity could suggest an origin by design.