Addressing the loneliness epidemic a systematic review of causes, intervention strategies, and policy implications for older adults

This review synthesizes empirical, phenomenological, and intervention-based research on loneliness in older adults. Drawing on studies that examine the prevalence, causes, and multifaceted experiences of loneliness—including cognitive, emotional, and embodied dimensions—it outlines how factors such as declining health, disrupted interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic disadvantages, and personality traits interact with life transitions (e.g., retirement and widowhood) to shape loneliness. The review also collates evidence on diverse interventions, ranging from online friendship enrichment programs and mindfulness-based stress reduction to technology-driven social support systems, cultural programs, companion animal ownership, and volunteering. Results indicate that multifaceted and participatory approaches generally yield beneficial outcomes, although measurement variability and limited long-term data restrict objective conclusions regarding sustained effectiveness. Overall, the review highlights the necessity of tailored, contextually informed interventions and underscores significant gaps in the evidence, particularly regarding macro-level interactions and standardization of assessment tools. Future research should focus on robust longitudinal designs and integrated frameworks to further elucidate the causal pathways of loneliness and optimize intervention strategies.