Assessment of physicochemical properties of groundwater in Bhubaneswar, eastern India

Odisha's capital, Bhubaneswar, has been named a leading smart city and is rapidly becoming more urbanized. Significant changes in the city's geographic footprint are being brought about by unplanned, uncontrolled, and unrestrained urban expansion brought on by the growing population of the city and an immense number of migrants.Despite having three river borders, the city depends on groundwater for residential, commercial, and agricultural uses because many areas of the city and its suburbs lack a piped water delivery infrastructure. A significant volume of municipal solid waste is produced due to several human activities and is disposed of at various BMC dumping locations. Rainfall, water existing in the trash, and water produced by biodegradation all contribute to the leachate leaving the disposal site and seeping into the groundwater, which contaminates it. Approximately 60% of the city residents currently rely on ground water, which is becoming more and more contaminated every day. The priceless groundwater supply has been severely strained by the city's quick growth, which has led to a drop in both its quantity and quality. Given this, it is thought to be essential to assess the condition of the ground water quality in Bhubaneswar. Numerous human activities generate a sizable amount of municipal solid trash, which is dumped at different BMC dumping sites. Leachate leaves the disposal site and seeps into the groundwater, contaminating it. This process is facilitated by rainfall, water found in the waste, and water generated by biodegradation. The city's rapid growth has put a great deal of strain on the precious groundwater supply, causing both its quantity and quality to decline. In light of this, evaluating the state of the ground water quality in Bhubaneswar is deemed crucial.