September 2018

Mammary sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms that arise from the mammary stroma (Farrokh et al., 2006). Angiosarcomas, one of the most common forms of mammary sarcoma, are developed from the endothelial lining of the blood vessels. Angiosarcoma of the breast is an exceedingly rare disease that may occur as a primary neoplasm or as a complication of radiation therapy after breast conservation. Only about 20% of angiosarcomas are primary sarcomas. The incidence of primary breast angiosarcoma is about 17 new cases per million women. Primary angiosarcoma of the breast is exceedingly rare, and represents around 0.04% of malignant breast neoplasms. Its incidence among breast sarcomas varies from 2.7% to 9.1%. Breast angiosarcoma is more frequent in young women (20 to 50 years) like in our case with no previous cancer history or other known risk factors. We present a case of a 42-year-old woman, with a painful slowly growing mass in her left breast over a period of one year which on investagitating came out to be primary angiosarcoma of breast.

The main objective of this study was to assess family separation and its effect on children’s social wellbeing at kebele 02 and kebele 03, in Bedelle administrative town. 25 parents and 25 children were selected as a sample for this study through Purposive and snowball sampling technique. The negative impacts of family separation on children social wellbeing were investigated from both separated parents and children’s of those separated parents through questionnaire and observation checklist. To get the relevant data for this study, mixed research design was employed with both qualitatively and quantitatively research methods. Percentile/ descriptive statistics and the narration were utilized to analyze the collected data. Some of the children that were affected by their parental separation; are deeply affected and it is prolonged by poor parental support. The primary social effect of separation is included a decline of child-parent relationship, when children received less attention and emotional support from parents. Academic performances and schooling quality also affected because of parents’ separation. Parental separation children suffered from different social problems and dissatisfied with both parents’ support and care. Regardless of its wide range occurrence, parental separation has not given attention by the nation and other concerned bodies. Therefore the society should prevent the prevalence of parental separation and ensuring its proper adjustment through changing the social environment in connection to marriage stability.

Aim: This study was aimed to assess the mothers’ oral health care knowledge and its impact on oral health status of their children. Methodology: 100 mothers along with their children in the age group of 3-5 years were included in the study. 17 point questionnaire was distributed to mothers to assess their knowledge regarding oral health care practices of their children. Oral examination of children was done and dmft score was recorded. Mothers were divided into two groups: group 1 whose children had dmft score <3 and group 2 whose children had dmft score >=3. Results: Very few mothers had knowledge about importance of deciduous teeth and oral hygiene practices. Significant difference (p<0.05) were found between group 1 and group 2 mothers’ knowledge about the role of prolonged breastfeeding and bottle feeding in causing tooth decay. 90% of mothers did not know about the role of fluoride in preventing dental decay. Conclusion: Children below 5 years spend most of their time with mothers. Mothers function as role model for their children. Therefore mothers’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding dental care need to be improved for better oral health status of their children.

Antibiotics are frequently used in clinical practice. The antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to unthoughtful and indiscriminate use of antibiotic is a major issue which is affecting healthcare delivery throughout the world. Available literature highlights the necessity of rationalization of antimicrobial therapy in developing countries. Study tool: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted after the approval from Institutional ethics committee over the time of one month at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH) Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha. A structured questionnaire was prepared and validated by the experts, which consisted of three parts. They included questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of post graduate students about antibiotic use and resistance prescribed in there hospital. Study population: Post graduate students of all three years working in AVBRH. Study procedure: Each post graduate student was explained the objectives of the study and their willingness to participate in the study were obtained. After the briefing, questionnaire was distributed and the students were asked to respond to the questions completely and anonymously. Completed responses were collected for analysis. Conclusion: Medical education should include strategies to change the attitude and practices apart from raising knowledge for improved patient outcomes. Medical professionals should be tailored with a sense of responsibility that, as prescribers, their responsibility pertains not only to the patients benefit and wellbeing but also to the society at large.

Uterus Didelphys is known to be one of the rare Mulerrian Duct anomaly where in its development the uterus fails to unite so that the uterus separates into 2 parts: right and left which also have cervix in each part. Pregnancy with uterus didelphys may occur without infertility therapy and able to maintain its pregnancy to term. We report a rare case of Mullerian Duct Anomaly known as uterus Didelphys with spontaneous conception and aterm pregnancy on left horn.

Background: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is a common problem in diabetic patients. Hypomagnesemia increase the incidence of diabetes mellitus and occurrence of diabetic complications1 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects 50% of all diabetic patients. Patients with peripheral neuropathy are considered at risk of insensate foot ulcerations. At least half of foot ulcers, the end stage of such neuropathy should be preventable by early diagnosis and effective management. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate serum magnesium levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlate it with complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus - glycemic control and foot ulcer. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional study done in stanley Medical College and Hospital, serum magnesium level, fasting blood sugar were estimated by standard methods and compared in type 2 diabetic patients and controls. Result: Serum magnesium level in diabetic population was significantly low in comparison to controls .In particular diabetic patients with foot ulcer had the lowest level in serum magnesium. There was negative correlation between fasting blood sugar and serum magnesium in diabetic patients. Duration of diabetes and serum magnesium were inversely related. Conclusion: Hence it is concluded that the lower levels of serum magnesium may have a bearing on the complication and morbidity in patients of DM, and estimation of serum levels of magnesium may be helpful to monitor the severity of complications in diabetic patients.

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Non Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) has become the diagnostic tool of choice for head trauma due to its high sensitivity, rapidity, accuracy, reliability and wide availability. Objective: To establish the role of NCCT in assessing the pattern of head injuries in RTA victims in a small cohort of armed forces personnel and their dependents. Material and methods: A retrospective annual study was conducted on 136 RTA victims with a 16 slice spiral CT machine in the radiology department of a tertiary care armed forces hospital based in Lucknow. Results: Out of 136 RTA victims, 46 suffered only brain injuries, 42 sustained only osseous fractures and 16 of them had both brain injuries and osseous fractures. Surprisingly, 32 (23.5%) of the total number of patients included in the study had neither brain nor osseous injuries. Males in the age group of 21-30 years (27%) were the most common victims. In this study, SDH was the most common pattern of brain injury. Linear fractures were more common than comminuted fractures of both cranial vault and facial bones. Temporal bone was the most common fractured bone of cranial vault and nasal bone was the most common fractured facial bone. Most of the injuries either brain/osseous were right sided. Maximum incidence of RTA took place in the month of December. Conclusion: NCCT was found to be highly sensitive safe and reliable in assessing the patterns of brain as well as skull vault and facial bone injuries reiterating the fact that it the primary investigative modality of choice in RTA.

Background: Alcohol consumption and heavy episodic drinking tends to be higher during young adulthood than at any other period across the lifespan. This may be the effect of developmental factors before adolescence which include external factors like family, house hold structure, impact of relatives, peers, childhood, significant events with siblings, society etc., and internal factors like personality, coping skills, attitude to school, workforce aspiration, misbehavior, interaction and involvement etc. Motivation appears to be a critical dimension in influencing patients to seek, comply with, and complete treatment as well as to make successful long-term changes in their drinking. Although many patients attend treatment, they may not be ready to change their drinking pattern and may not actively participate in treatment hence motivation is important for predicting treatment participation and recovery. Objectives: • To identify various childhood and adolescent developmental factors which had led to alcohol consumption in later stages of life. • To assess the severity of alcohol abuse and the impact of motivation for change in alcohol withdrawal treatment and recovery. • To evaluate progress in meeting therapeutic goals by estimating CIWA. Method: A prospective case controlled observational study was conducted in the government general hospital, Guntur, for a period of 6 months i.e, from Oct 2017- March 2018. Factors predicting youth alcohol consumption (1997) Donovan model was used to determine developmental factors contributing to alcoholism.Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) and CIWA was used to determine severity of alcohol dependence. University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA) was used to assess readiness for change and differentiate them in stages. Results: A total number of 154 patients were assessed using Donovan model which contains facilitators and inhibitors of external and internal factors. From our data, majority of subjects were observed with facilitators which contribute to alcoholism and their significant improvement in motivation was assessed by using URICA scale.Self motivation plays an important role in alcohol treatment and recovery. Conclusion: There are many facilitators in both internal and external factors contributing to alcoholism in test group. The significant understanding of these factors could help in reducing the incidence of adolescent alcohol abuse in the society by reducing the facilitators from childhood onwards.

The prevalence of PMS (prevalence of pre-menstrual syndrome) is high all over the world and its most common disorder among the women’s. It has high impact on women’s health, emotions and behaviours during certain days of menstrual cycle. Aim: To determine the prevalence of PMS and also to determine the effect of jaggery tea to combat the symptoms of PMS. Material and methods: A cross sectional study design was used to determine the prevalence of PMS.The sampling frame is comprised individual aged 18-28 years and purposive sampling method was used. Then respondents were given information regarding benefits of jaggery tea consumption to over PMS. Preparation of jaggery tea: add the one cup of water for boiling, and then add the requirement amount jaggery. Add the tea leaves and boil it and add required amount of mil, use the tea filter to discard the solids. Study subjects were asked to consume jaggery tea five days prior and after the date of menstrual cycle continuously for 3 months. Study subjects were asked to fill up premenstrual syndrome screening toll before and after jaggery tea consumption. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and effect of jaggery tea was evaluated using paired t-test. Result: Study reveals that Premenstrual Syndrome was 65%. Out of 195 students who are suffering from PMS, 120(61.5%) of them had mild PMS, 55(28.2%) had moderate PMS and only few 20(10.3%) of then had sever PMS. Conclusion: Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome is high and consumption of jaggery tea plays vital role in curing PMS.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional facility based study, conducted in Northern state; the assessment was conducted during 2010. Total coverage of all working EPI fixed sites in the state in addition to all Localities vaccine store and state vaccine store were included. The data was collected for six months from official records, reports, and plans concerning the vaccine management, plus interviewing the main Health workers in these units. The study showed that there were only 23 fixed vaccination sites had working refrigerators out of 54 fixed vaccination sites in the state (most refrigerators installed from long time and it is an old model. The entire vaccine store manager give the correct storage temperature range for each of the vaccines on the schedule. 100% of the service sites and localities in addition to state center have adequate storage capacity including for mass campaigns. 56% of the service sites, 95% of localities and 71% of state level had good functioning refrigerators/ freezers and all of these were meet WHO specification. There was no an itemized equipment replacement and preventive maintenance plans in the service sites and locality level and it need updated, detailed at state level. 74% of the service sites, 100% of localities and state level had completed records and balances updated for all receipts and dispatches. 100% of localities and state level had established and followed vaccine receipt/distribution plans. The vaccine wastage had monitored at state and localities level, but there were 82% of the service sites had completed periodic immunization reports and forms that are used to monitor vaccine wastage. The study concluded that the cold chain functionality was very weak (42.6% from total No of refrigerators in the state). There were adequate storage capacity at all levels and its accommodate peak stock levels for all the vaccines specified in the national immunization schedule.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) occurs in 2-8% of all pregnancies and mostly happens in the first pregnancy. The risk of developing PE in a third pregnancy (multipara) without a previous PE / E history is very small, especially if it occurs at under 34 weeks of gestation. Objective: To report a case of eclampsia in a multipara without prior history of preeclampsia / eclampsia. Methods: Case report. Results: A 32-year-old woman G3P2A0 with 32-33 weeks' gestation, came to the Tangerang Bethsaida Hospital emergency room with a history of seizure at home. Vital signs at the time of arrival showed blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg, pulse of 140 x/minute, respiratory rate of 20 x/minute, temperature of 36.50C, and oxygen saturation of 99%. Physical examination revealed minimal edema in lower extremities. ECG showed tachycardia, FHR using CTG was 140 x / minute, laboratory results showed urine protein 75mg / dL, triglycerides 537mg / dL, uric acid 11.5mg / dL, leukocytes 18,340 / μL, other CBC results along with HBA1C, albumin, AST, ALT, blood glucose, urea, creatinine, serum electrolytes (Na, K, Cl), bleeding time, clotting time, PT, and APTT were normal. Patient routinely comes for antenatal care. There was no history of preeclampsia/eclampsia during the first and second pregnancies. She was admitted to the ICU and diagnosed as eclampsia, received Adalat oros therapy, Aldomet, Perdipine, MgSO4, Dexamethasoneinjection for 24 hours for lung maturation, as well as pregnancy termination. After 24 hours in the ICU, cesarean operation and tubectomy were performed, a 1,495 gram baby boy was born, length 39 cm, APGAR score 3/8. The patient was treated with antibiotics, antihypertension, and vitamins. She was hospitalized for 3 days. Conclusions:We reported one case of a woman with the third pregnancy (multipara) of 32-33 weeks’ gestation with eclampsia without history of PE / E in both previous pregnancies. This is a very rare case, however with proper management, good outcomes can be achieved for both the mother and baby.

Background: Globally, it is accepted that Diabetes is one of the most threatening public health issue which has become pandemic. There is rise in the prevalence of Diabetes in all parts of the World, India being one the country to have high prevalence to suffer from Diabetes next to China. Numerous factors cause diabetes, however, environmental being the most important risk factor to cause diabetes. Many studies have shown that human gene also play its important role in causing diabetes, 50 percent of diabetes patient have their family or parents suffering from diabetes. High prevalence of diabetes is found among the overweight and obese people, those who are inactive in their lifestyle. Objective: The presents study will be focusing on Type 2 diabetes with an aim of finding the prevalence in all the states of North East, India Methods: The present paper consists of works which were published during the year 2010 to 2017, a period of eight years. Result: According to the study conducted by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) India Diabetes Study reported that in blood sugar level of >140 mg/dl the urban women show the highest blood glucose level (9.4%) in both Mizoram and Tripura which is followed by Manipur with (8.8%) and Sikkim with (7.8%) whereas in case of men the highest blood glucose level can be seen in Nagaland (11.1%) followed by Mizoram and Sikkim with (10.7%). There is high prevalence of Type2 diabetes among the overweight and obese group. In some states male show higher prevalence and in other female show higher. Summary: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is affected both by gene and environment, person with parental history of diabetes have a higher prevalence. Various lifestyle plays important role in relation to the conversion of type2 diabetes. People who are physically inactive are more prone to suffer from diabetes than people who are physically active. It is necessary to conduct more screening for prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors in North East region, as very few data were available.

Profilin is an actin-binding protein and engages in the dynamic turnover and restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. The present study investigated the role of profilin in α7 ACh receptor trafficking. The selective PKCε activator DCP-LA increased cell surface localization of α7 ACh receptor in differentiated PC-12 cells, which was inhibited by knocking down PKCε. The effect of DCP-LA was also cancelled by knocking down profilin. In the cell-free kinase assay, profilin significantly enhanced the activity of PKCε activated by DCP-LA, although no PKCε activation was induced by profilin alone. It is indicated from these results that profilin stimulates translocation of α7 ACh receptor towards the cell surface by enhancing the activated PKCε activity.

Leisure is the primary lifestyle and center of life for older people. Developing interests and hobbies is particularly crucial for elderly adults. Therefore, this study established a model of wisdom transformation through exploring the process and effectiveness of how elderly adults’ leisure experiences enhance their perspectives of wisdom. Initially, a questionnaire survey was administered to preliminarily investigate elderly adults’ views of wisdom. Subsequently, adopting a qualitative approach to interpretive phenomenology, this study conducted in-depth interviews on 11 elderly adults to analyze the transformative process of how their leisure experiences shaped their wisdom. The results indicate that wisdom transformation attributed to leisure experience was embodied in the integration, action and practice, and positive effects of cognition, affect, and reflection. Furthermore, wisdom transformation occurred through 4 stages: (a) leisure experience; (b) reflection and development; (c) action and practice; and (d) positive effects.

Cancer is the second most serious health problem and the second leading cause of death in human. The cancer patient undergoing treatment experiences Physical and Psychological problem. The physical problems, like hair loss, nausea and vomiting and initial diagnostic phase can be very stressful. The cancer patient undergoing treatment experiences a psychological distress including anger, anxiety, sadness, fear, stress, feeling out of control, feelings of depression, impairment of concentration, sleep disorders, mental and cognitive reservation and psychiatric disorders. In India the cancer patient undergoing treatment were having the depressive disorders 4.5%, anxiety disorders 3%, stress disorder 4% in total population. Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique is help to reduce the stress, anxiety and depression among cancer patient to promote general wellbeing. A study to assess the Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Patients undergoing Cancer Treatment in Puducherry Cancer Trust Hospital and Research Centre at Puducherry. The Research design chosen for this study was Quasi – Experimental Design (One group pre-test and post-test design). The study conducted in selected Hospital at Puducherry. The population includes the patient undergoing cancer treatment are taken as population and out of that 60 patients were selected for this study. The sampling technique used for this study is Simple Random Sampling technique (Lottery method). The Frequency and Percentage distribution are used to assess the Pre-test and Post-test level of stress, anxiety and depression among patients, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test are used to evaluate the Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on level of Stress, Anxiety and Depression among patients and Chi-square test to associate the level of Stress, Anxiety and Depression with the selected demographic variables of Patient Undergoing Cancer treatment.

Objectives: To assess the results of implementing maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) in Sudan, during 2014 -2017; and identify causes of maternal death (MD) and health system response for reducing maternal mortality (MM). Methodology: Hospital and community maternal death review (MDR) started in Sudan since 2009, where causes of maternal deaths MDs and areas of delays were identified after regular reporting and reviewing through focal persons’ networks; using a coordinated approach involving both notional and states’ stakeholders. MDs were discussed at state’ maternal death review committees (SMDRCs) and recommendations for reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) were generated for action. In 2014 MDSR was introduced using WHO guidance. Results: Over four years; a total of 4454 MDs were notified and reviewed, out of 3502540 Live births (LB), MMR was 127/ 100000 LB, with different variation between states. The MMR was declining from 209/ 100000 LB in 2010 to 115/100000 LB in 2017, with significant drop after implementing MDRS in 2014. Direct obstetric MDs were 72.9%, mainly from haemorrhage 32.6%, hypertensive disorders 15.7% and sepsis 12.7%, while indirect causes were 24.4%. National response included; improved coverage of midwives with recruitment in health system, availing of clean delivery requirements, management protocols, distribution of delivery and operating tables and ambulances for rural hospitals. Conclusion: - late presentation, home delivery, poor antenatal care (ANC) and referral system, non adherence to protocols, inadequate blood transfusion and lack of intensive care units (ICU) are related causes of MD. Strengthening the response requires commitment of various stakeholders, with clear accountability and budgets.

Liver acts as a cornerstone in most biotransformation process. CCl4 is one of the most common chemicals producing liver injury. Liquorice is a medicinal plant widely consumed in Egypt as a juice. In our study we aimed to estimate the hepatoprotective effect of liquorice crude extract against CCL4-induced hepatitis in rats and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanism through its effect on inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant system. To achieve our objective a sixty male albinorats were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, hepatitis group, hepatitis group treated with low conc. liquorice extract, hepatitis group treated with high conc. liquorice extract, normal group with low conc. liquorice extract and normal group with high conc. liquorice extract. The outcome of the study exhibits a representative association between exposure to CCl4 and alteration of liver function parameters and hematological profile and elucidate the hepatoprotective effect of liquorice extract through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Background: In developing countries where the economic situation is less sustained, constructed wetlands might be suitable in the management of wastewater before the discharge into natural environments because of their possible generation of revenues that could support maintenance costs. However, organic matter (OM) removal in constructed wetlands using different species of plants often varies, and the contribution to organic matter removal by various pathways remains unclear. Aims: To demonstrate the effects of five local forage plants (i.e Andropogon gayanus, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Pennisetum purpureum and Tripsacum laxum), and to determine the contributions of different pathways onto organic matter (OM) removal from synthetic domestic wastewater in vertical flow constructed wetlands (CWs). Methods: A pilot-scale composed of six beds constructed with bricks, and filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m gravel covered with cloth and 0.6 m white lagoon sand was used. Five beds were transplanted by local forage seedlings, while one was used as the control. 80 L of domestic synthetic wastewater was then applied on the beds intermittently over six months. Results: All of the five plants species grew well, improving thus organic matter removal, but those of P. purpureum provided a greater and fresher with 15.86 kg.m-2 and achieved the best Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) with removal efficiencies around 93.81 %, 98.51 %, and 95.92 %, respectively. Likewise, OM amount decreased in the beds’ sediments from upper surface to the bottom. According to the mass balance approach, OM removal by sediment storage and microbial uptake were 12.26–49.97 % and 43.87–85.10 %, respectively. Regarding OM removal pathways, a slight difference between species of plants of CWs was observed, but microbial uptake remained mainly OM removal pathways. Nevertheless, sediment storage is a main OM removal pathway for some plants (e.g. C. zizanioides). Conclusion: Constructed wetlands transplanted with P. purpureum could be a cost-effective alternative method of wastewater treatment.

Background: Migraine is a common neurological disorder associated with a significant disease burden. It is characterized by unilateral/bilateral severe pulsating headache. Insufficient data are available regarding the utilization pattern of available drugs for the prevention and management of migraine. Migraines can be severe enough to limit sufferers’ causing significant lost productivity and decrements in health-related quality of life. Objectives: To study drug utilization pattern in patient of migraine in the outpatient department of neurology at a tertiary care teaching hospital. To assess the impact of migraine on Quality of life [QOL] of patients suffering from migraine. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted for 12 weeks. All patients either gender and age were included attending the neurology Outpatient Department and diagnosed to have migraine. Demographic profile of the patient and drug data was collected. Tools of QOL in migraine are included: Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score, Headache Disability Index (HDI) score and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) score. Results: Total 65 patients were included; 53 (81.5%) females and 12 (18.5 %) males. Most of the patients were of 21-50 years of age. Precipitating factors were travel (30.77%) followed by mental tension (18.46%) and irregular food intake/ hunger (15.38%). Common symptoms were photophobia (53.8%) and phonophobia (50.7%). Drugs prescribed propranolol 43 (66.1%), amitriptyline (21.5%), naproxen (6.1%) and paracetamol (6.1%). MIDAS score; most patients 36 (55.3%) presented with mild disability. 52 (80%) patients answered that they feel severe migraine pain. Conclusions: We observed that migraine is more common in females patients. Most common drugs used alone were propranolol, amitriptyline, naproxen and paracetamol. Most patients felt severe headache which has affected their day-to-day life disabling that it impacted their ability to do even daily routine work.

This study aims to compare physico-chemical parameters of the water quality between hot springs and borehole waters. Twenty samples were collected from two regions Singida and Dodoma of Tanzania. Multimeter used for the analysis of physical parameters pH, EC, TDS, salinity and turbidimeter used to analyseturbidity. Titrimetric methods were used for chemical parametersCl^-, total hardness, Ca2+ and Mg2+. UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods used for the analysis of NO_3^-,〖 SO〗_4^(2-),F^-, Fe2+and Mn2+ and Flame Atomic Absorption methods for Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and K+. The parameters EC, TDS, salinity, turbidity,Cl^-, NO_3^- , 〖 SO〗_4^(2-), F^-and Mn2+are higher (EC = 508.33-4790 µS/cm, TDS = 249.33-2349.30 mg/L, salinity = 0.27-2.53 ppt, turbidity = 0.81-513.73 NTU,Cl^-= 54.32-900.52 mg/L, NO_3^-= 0.1-63.30 mg/L, 〖 SO〗_4^(2-)=38.33-343.33 mg/L, F^-=0.47-9.5 mg/L and Mn2+= 0.6-1.9 mg/L) in hot springs than borehole waters (EC = 844.0-1821.67 µS/cm, TDS = 414.67-891.33 mg/L, salinity = 0.4-0.87 ppt, turbidity = 3.8-147.9 NTU,Cl^- = 119.68-356.50 mg/L, NO_3^- = 0.93-16.78 mg/L, 〖 SO〗_4^(2-) = 42.0-128 mg/L, F^-= 0.18-1.38 mg/L and Mn2+ = 1.5-1.6 mg/L). But other parameters Total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Ni2+ are higher in borehole waters than hot springs.The t-test (p=0.05) showed that there is significant difference of the parameters〖 SO〗_4^(2-),F^- and Ni2+ between hot spring and borehole waters. Based on this study it is observed that some of the parameters are at higher levels than permissible values for both hot spring and borehole waters. Therefore, there is a need of treatment for these waters before using for domestic purposes.

Introduction: Neonatal cholesstasis is a silent emergency (National Biliary Atresia Registry, 1976). In a tertiary care hospital we can diagnose many cases but outcome depends on post natal age, if post natal age crosses 8 weeks of age prognosis is guarded. Very few studies captured clinical profile and outcome which can alert a practicing pediatrician about the nature of severity and long term follow up (Ohkohchi 1989). Aims and objectives: Outline the etiology and clinical profile of different cases of Conjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and their outcome over 1year follow up. Materials and Method: Babies with conjugated hyperbilirubinimiamore than 20% of total bilirubin presenting at more than 14 days of age at OPD or emergency of Institute of Child Health, Kolkata were admitted in the hospital and started investigation as per standered protocol. Those diagnosed as billary atresia were referred to pediatric surgery and kasai’s operation was done as early as possible preferably within 8 weeks of life. Those presenting later than 10 to12 weeks where chance of failed kasai was very high were put on palliative care after discussion with parents.In this prospective cohort study of 46 patients of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate is followed up over 12 months and analysed the morbidity and mortality. Result and analysis: Ideopathic neonatal hepatitis14 (30.5%) was very high followed by billary atresia BA 11(24%), sepsis 8(17.39%) and hypothyroidism 4 (8.69%). Down syndrome and infant of diabetic mother constitute 6.5% (3) each followed by CMV2 (4.3%) and Galactosemia1 (2.17%).Out of 46 cases 17 cases were died within the follow up period of 8 months. No death is reported within 8 to 12 months. Among 17 cases of death BA were 6 ,r est 11 were due to medical cause. Conclusion: The prognosis for intants with neonatal cholestasis syndromespecially due to biliary atresia remains dismal, particularly in our country. It is unfortunate that 35 years after Morio Kasai’s first reported success with his portoenterostomy operation our patients still not benefited from the same. Due to delay in diagnosis most babies undergo surgery late and ultimately need a liver transplant.

Background: Screening of antibacterial compounds from natural sources for social benefit is emphasized in recent years with the view that pathogens have developed resistance against antibiotics. Objectives: The present investigation has been carried out to screen sub-aerial cyanobacteria thriving in an extreme environment as they are supposed to be a potential source of natural bioactive compounds. Methods: Scytonema ocellatum isolated from building facades were used for antibacterial activity against certain reference human pathogenic bacteria after subjected to TLC purification twice by altering the solvents. Results: The acetone extract of S. ocellatum showed highest and moderate inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. Chloroform extracts also exhibited significant zone against Escherichia coli; no activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The UV illuminated bands with potential effect were subjected to GC and FTIR analysis. GC analysis showed 98% and 95.6% purity in each solvent extracts and FTIR spectra showed stretching bands containing various biologically active functional groups like alcohol, phenol, alkanes, carboxylic acids groups, amines etc respectively revealing antibiosis. Conclusion: The above screening is the first record of antibacterial activity enhancing the importance of sub-aerial cyanobacteria that possess a scope for producing biologically active compounds, pointing towards brilliant candidates for Pharmaceutical application.

Ascochyta blight caused by (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei (Kov.) is one of the most important seed borne pathogen of chickpea. The study was carried to determine the extent of seed borne infection. Agar plate techniques as ISTA standard method were applied. A total of one hundreds chickpea seed samples were collected from Debre Zeit, Gondar Agricultural Research Center, Farmers’ seed and open market/union in 2015. Purposive sampling was used in areas affected by ascochyta blight. Hundred seeds were randomly taken from each sample. Seeds were surface disinfected in 0.5% (NaOCl) and rinsed three times in distilled water and seeds were transferred to chickpea meal extracts. Seed was scored and determine from fungal growth. The result indicates that the highest (18%) seed infection was recorded on one seed samples from research center, followed by (15%) and (14%) infection were recorded on seed samples from open market/union and farmers’ seed and lowest (2%) infection of seed samples were recorded both on research centers and farmers seed. The seed harvested from all infected seed source contribute primary inoculums and long distance dissemination of spores. Seed health and free from seed borne diseases constantly desired to with reduction of seed borne inoculums through various seed treatments. In order to increase the production of chickpea qualitatively and quantitatively, farmers require healthy and quality seed with high germination and purity. Pathogen free healthy seeds are essential for desired plant populations and a good harvest.

Nano-in-Medicine is a complex field of exploration with far-reaching technological and medical possibilities. Nanotechnology in diabetes research has facilitated the evolution of novel glucose measurement and insulin delivery systems. Not only is detecting glucose in the food and pharmaceutical industries very important. In addition, glucose monitoring is particularly critical for diabetes supervision. The objective of any kind of diabetes therapy is to reach nearly physiological glucose levels. The current view points toward a continuous insulin infusion by means of insulin pumps. A PID algorithm for blood glucose control is outlined, and the importance of sensor development emphasized. In addition to nanotechnology, the modern information technology has entered the field. Worldwide diabetes research activities at its interface with nanotechnology have created devices at the micro- or nanoscale by which the experimental approach toward an artificial pancreas is already put in practice. In the present paper, some aspects of a three-term control algorithm for glucose are treated, as well as few glucose sensors are set as examples, based on concepts and developments of nanotechnology in the field of diabetes research.

(Employees PKWT is employees who working status as non permanent employees on sugary factory and spritus factory Madubaru, Yogyakarta wich later will be abbreviated as PG-PS Madubaru, Yogyakarta. This study aims to examine the effects of distributive justice compensation and procedural Justice compensation on job satisfaction with collectivistic as a moderated variable on employees PKWT in PG-PS Madubaru, Yogyakarta. The sample in this study is all employees PKWT wholesale amount of 185 respondents. The result of this research shows that the variable of distributive justice compensation has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction on employees PKWT in PG-PS Madubaru. In addition, the procedural justice compensation does not affect the job satisfaction of employees PKWT. From the collectivistic horizontally variable does not moderated the relationship between distributive justice compensation to job satisfaction of employees PKWT. Meanwhile, the collectivistic horizontally variable moderated the relationship between the procedural justice compensation to the job satisfaction of employees PKWT in PG-PS Madubaru.

The pharmaceutical industry is facing a unnerving challenge in the control of impurities; Residual solvents play as an important role in the synthesis of drugs substances; according to the good manufacturing process measuring residual solvents is an integral part of impurities profile assessment for pharmaceutical products and is mandatory for the release testing of all active pharmaceutical ingredients. In synthesing process of canagliflozin API many solvents being used, to analyses these solvent a sensitive static head space gas chromatography (GC HS) with flame ionization detector (FID) method was developed successfully and validated for residual solvents determination of Canagliflozin API. The head space parameters and chromatographic condition, such as split ratio, flow rate and oven program temperature, were optimized to enhance sensitivity and chromatographic resolution. The optimized parameters are 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as diluent, equilibration temperature for head space 40°C for 8 min, Oven temperature program 40°C to 200°C with 20°C ramping, Nitrogen carrier gas and DB-624, 30m length and 0.32mm ID, film thickness 1.8 mm a capillary column used. The proposed method was found to be suitable for the determination of ten different residual solvents. The validation results indicate that method is specific, sensitive, accuracy linear and robust, The obtained recovery ranging from 80% to 120% and regression coefficient was higher than 0.999 for all the solvent.

The study of job satisfaction and commitment among the police officers is of considerable significance as they are engaged themselves with the maintenance of law and order in society. As such, the satisfactions they derive and dissatisfactions they suffer on the one hand and the commitment they exhibit in the performance of policing could be of immense significance in understanding the standards of police functioning on the other. This will enable us to understand the problems and prospects of police officers and also to come out with solutions and suggestions to improve their working conditions in terms of professional sophistication, discipline, commitment, competence and excellence along with their levels of satisfaction with regard to the occupation. The study has two major objectives-first, to examine the level of satisfaction among police and its determinants particularly the social traits and, second, to identify the impact of professional traits on commitment. The measurement of job satisfaction and commitment of police officers was based on various aspects of police profession and functioning. Research was conducted on 143 police officers with an interview schedule in Bangalore city, the capital of Karnataka, India. Findings reveal that police were less satisfied, but highly committed with age, having a say in determining satisfaction and commitment is significantly associated with the competence and ethics of police.

In the yarn production, the combing process is very important in order to make the fibers parallel, clean and prevent the problem of nepp which adversely affects the quality of yarn and fabric. In this study; a new combing hub has been developed which improves the number of nepp errors after combing, spinning and winding(bobbining) processes as a result of making the combing process more efficient on the combing machine. Improvement of yarn quality due to decrease of yarn nepp amount and reduction of work load due to nepp cleaning process on the fabric as a result of increase of fabric quality are among the most important contributions of the work done.

A “Juvenile” or “Child” means a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. International Law interprets, a ‘Child’ means every human being below the age of 18 years. Today this is a universally accepted definition of a child which comes from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Under the Indian Laws, Section 2 (k) of the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children Act, 2000 defines “juvenile” or “Child” as a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age. The future of country depends on its children. So it is the duty and responsibility of everyone to ensure that the children have a safe environment to live in. But gradually it has been seen a huge dive in the rate of Juvenile crime in a developing country like India just like a disease in our society. This study tries to describe the evolution of Juvenile Justice Legislation, from British India to the present democratic India by focusing at the guidelines of Juvenile Justice Act, 1986, 2000, 2014 and 2015. In spite of the existence of that safety regulation for such children, there is a rise in the number of Juvenile criminals across the country, is a vital issue for the country. Whoever may be the person; whatever may be the situation; justice delayed means justice denied. India, as a land of immense diversities faces too many parameters of justice from its societal level to its judiciary. With verities of issues, it finds too many problems of juvenile justice in India however, the paper also tries to find out the causes and types of Juvenile Crimes in our society. Towards conclusion, some suggestions have been made for preventive measures of Juvenile Crimes by signifying the history of the juvenile justice in India.

The study compares the Father-Child relationship of dyscalculic elementary school students in relation to their locality. Rural dyscalculic elementary school students differ significantly from their urban counterparts on rewarding and punishment dimension of father – child relationship. Urban dyscalculic elementary school students get significantly more reward by their fathers as compare to their rural counterparts. Rural dyscalculic elementary school students get significantly more punishment by their fathers as compared to urban dyscalculic elementary school students.

The vital importance of motivation cannot be underestimated in development of any organization and especially in the education sector. The value placed on education should be high because it is what transforms the pupils as a result of motivated teachers so that they can be responsible citizens. The objectives of the study included influence of training on teacher motivation in public schools and the effect of work environment on motivation. The study used a descriptive research design. The target population included teachers and head-teachers of public schools in Nairobi. The questionnaire was used for data collection and data analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Correlation analysis was used to establish the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. The study established that there was a slight positive relationship in nature between training and motivation represented by 0.069 and 0.595. The relationship between conducive working environment and motivation was positive in nature and the strength was 0.169 and 0.188 respectively. The findings indicate that teachers enjoyed the fact that the profession provided them with a continuous learning environment as well as a good working environment. They also felt motivated when involved in decision making. The study is beneficial to the government, policy makers and other stakeholders in education who will use the information to implement strategic measures to improve motivation in schools.

The cinematographic adaptation of literary texts is often considered from a defensive or protectionist perspective in a culture where literature has long exercised its hegemony: transposition or adaptation in costume, the spectator is happy to declare respect for the original text, and on the conformity of the filmmaker's vision with his own vision. We would like to propose here a new approach to cinematographic adaptation: whereas cinema is an art distinct from literature, we will start from the hypothesis that text and film, even if they bear the same name, do not belong not the same species, and therefore cannot be the subject of a simple comparison. After examining the traditional evaluation criteria of adaptation (fidelity, spirit and letter, narrative construction, dialogue processing, voiceover, etc.), we will try to move the lines of confrontation to show how cinema, instead of simply illustrating literary texts, by the very fact that it is a means of autonomous expression, necessarily proposes a thought of literature.

Background: Tubectomy is becoming the choice for fertile age couples at the time of delivery with cesarean section. This is because it has proven to be effective and does not require multiple procedures. Objective: To determine the tendency for the preference of tubectomy by fertile age couples with second child and other related factors. Methods: This study uses a cross sectional design. The population is all women who delivered through cesarean section with tubectomy in 2016-2018. The sample size is 62 respondents, which is obtained using two-proportion formula and simple random sampling. Statistical tests were carried out using chi square test. Results: Majority of respondents that chose tubectomy were between the age group of 20-35 years (53.2%), had 3 or more children (61.3%), high educational level (79%), housewives (71%) and the last labor interval > 2 years (67.7%). The chi square test proved that the choice of using tubectomy after the second child was more in the age group of 20-35 years (39.4%), high educational level (46.9%), professional jobs (61.1%) and the last labor interval > 2 years (45.2%). Furthermore, results of the statistical analysis using the chi square test proved that educational (p value = 0.035 α < 0.05) and occupational factors (p value = 0.021 α < 0.05) were related to the choice of tubectomy after the second child. Conclusion: Educational and occupational factors were associated with tubectomy choices after the second child. Adequate counseling on health education and family planning is required during pregnancy in order to improve the understanding and interest of the mother and partner to choose tubectomy.

The most common and internationally accepted tool to measure a bank’s financial performance is the CAMELS rating. This study aimed to analyze the financial performance of the publicly listed banks by using the Camel model to propose a strategy for the improvement of domestic banks’ competitiveness against competitor brought about by the ASEAN integration. CAMEL model was utilized based on the five indicators, namely: Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earning Quality and Liquidity. The data originated from the Annual Reports of the banks for the year 2016. There were nine publicly listed banks under study. Analysis revealed that the nine public-listed banks met the minimum requirement of 10% as set by the BSP. For asset quality ratio, Bank I got the highest value with evidence of (12.87%), followed by Bank F (12.07%) than Bank B and Bank C (8.88%). Among the nine banks, Bank D got the lowest value of 1.98%. Under management efficiency parameter, it was observed that all banks got a higher value which implies that they might not have enough liquidity to cover any unforeseen fund requirements. Also, analysis revealed that Bank E was on the top position with highest ratio of 15.04% followed by Bank A (11.81), Bank F (10.87%), Bank C (10.51%), Bank D (10.23%), Bank I (9.83%), Bank G (9.47%), and Bank H (6.97%) respectively. Bank B scored the lowest position with least ratio of 4.28%. In the aspect of liquidity ratio, Bank H, Bank A, Bank C, MBTC, and Bank F had the better performance with a rating of above 70%. The researchers concluded that the nine different banks had obtained different scores concerning CAMEL ratios. Banks were reaching the best rates and also banks achieving the poor rates as per minimum standard set by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable tumor marker for prostate cancer. It was believed that PSA was produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland, but a large body of evidence demonstrates that PSA is not a prostate-specific molecule (Giai M 1995). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is present at very low concentrations in female serum, but it can now be measured with highly sensitive immunoassays (Yu H, Diamandis EP 1995). PSA has been shown to be expressed in many forms of female tissues. The breast is a major female organ able to produce PSA (Borchert GH 1997). Pregnant women have elevated serum PSA (Yu H, Diamandis EP 1995). PSA levels in serum also vary during menstrual cycles and increase in women with excess androgen . In general a normal serum level of PSA is 0.02ng/dl- 0.06ng/dl (Mardanian F 2011). The objective of the study is to detect the changes of the serum level of PSA in women with acute UTI and show the difference of serum level pre and post- treatment at different age groups. One hundred patients aged from 16 to 77 years presented with features of acute cystitis and diagnosed as a UTI cases definitely by urine culture. Those patients were divided into 2 groups according to menopausal state. Group A pre-menopausal females 56 patients . Group B post-menopausal females 44 patients. The pretreatment mean level of PSA for group A 0.09nag/dl. while the mean level PSA for group B was 0.3nag/dl. The result shows that the post-treatment mean level for group A was 0.02nag/dl . while for group B was 0.09nag/dl. We concluded that the serum PSA level is elevated in females with acute UTI and decline post-treatment with highly detectable level in both pre and post-treatment with post-menopausal females.

Academic achievements represent performance outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional environment, specifically in schools, colleges and universities. The student’s academic performance may be influenced by various external factors other than their personal characteristics. This study has been conducted on 60 students of secondary school of Mehmoodabad Karachi. The main purpose of this study was to examine different factors influencing the academic performance of students at secondary level. A comprehensive structured questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the data. The collected data was processed and then its analysis was made through simple frequency and percentage distribution tables. The finding suggests that students should be aware of need and important of academic success which can help them in all areas of their lives.

In education, Montessori system of education plays an integral role. A child education is a foundation and the need ought to be given to this foundation. The Montessori system of education is like a foundation of a house as strong building can be built only on strong foundation such as on the basis of Montessori education the whole life of a child depends. This study has been led on 80 teachers of Montessori schools of the Gulshan town Karachi. The fundamental purpose behind this study was to evaluate the impact of Montessori untrained teachers in the Montessori schools and to spread awareness about their consequences and also to analyze the need of the trained teachers and their effectiveness in the grass root level of the education as the future of any country or nation depends upon its young generation. A comprehensive structured questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the data. The collected data was processed and then its analysis was made through chi-square method. The finding suggests that there is an approaching need of teacher training courses and workshops for Montessori untrained teachers and it should be mandatory for them to be trained.

Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common urologic abnormality seen in children. It represents the backflow of urine from bladder to upper urinary structures due to a defect in closure of uretero-vesical junction. This condition predisposes children to repetitive pyelonephritis associated with renal scarring. Studies are continuously searching for the potential effect of VUR on growth. We aimed to assess growth indices: height z-score (HZ), Ideal body weight percent (IBWp) and percent of actual weight over median weight for age (MWAp) in children with VUR at presentation and at time of study and to compare them with those of children with pyelonephritis without VUR. We included children aged between 0 and 6 years old with a normal renal function admitted in our center for pyelonephritis. However, children with chronic diseases affecting growth were excluded. The children who met above criteria (112 children) were divided into 3 groups according to voiding cystourethrogram results: G1( VUR grade 1-2 ), G2(VUR grade 3 , 4 , 5) and G3 (no VUR). Our data showed no significant difference between the 3 groups concerning sex, age groups, consanguinity, gestational age, height and weight at birth. However, we noted a strong association between VUR and ESBL infection (p=0.0001), and history of previous pyelonephritis (p=0.0357). Growth indices HZ and MWAp were significantly lower in G2 than in other groups at presentation and at time of study (p=0.0001) for both. In contrast, no significant change was detected in IBWp neither at presentation nor at time of study. No significant association was found between reflux laterality and growth indices. We also noted a significant improvement in HZ (p=0.01) and in MWAp (p=0.0168) following surgical treatment, while no significant change was recorded in growth indices following antibiotic prophylaxis.

Background: Small bowel bleeding refers to patients presenting with a source of bleeding identified in the small intestine. It accounts for only 5-10% of all patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients present with either overt bleeding or occult bleeding manifesting as iron deficiency anaemia. Various modalities are used to diagnose the cause of small bowel bleeding which include imaging, video capsule endoscopy, enteroscopy. Objectives : Data on the small bowel bleeding in India is sparse. The aim of the present study is to identify the clinical profile of patients presenting with small bowel bleed and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various modalities. Methods: Present study is prospective observational study conducted at teritiary care hospital in South India Results: Overall 56 patients with potential small bowel bleed were included in the study. 34(60%) patients presented with overt small bowel bleed and the remaining 22(40%) patients presented with occult small bowel bleed. 50 patients underwent capsule endoscopy and the mean capsule time was 10hr 1min ± 1hr 7min. Capsule endoscopic findings include vascular lesions in 10 (20%) patients, tumor in 4(8%), worm infestation in 4 (8%) patients, ulceration in 10(20%) patients. Balloon enteroscopy was performed in 39(70%) patients. Balloon enteroscopy findings include vascular lesions in 10 patients, crohns like picture in 8 patients, NSAIDS induced ulcers in 7 patients. Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was 76% and enteroscopy was 77%. Overall 40 patients out of 56 have been identified with definite source of small bowel bleeding and were subjected to therapy. Out of 40 patients 20 had endotherapy, 9 patients underwent surgery, 6 patients diagnosed as crohns, 2 patients diagnosed as small bowel tuberculosis and remaining on conservative therapy. Conclusions: Small bowel bleeding accounts for 5-10% of GI bleeding. Contrary to western population infections are common cause, patients are two decades younger and overt GI bleeding was more common than occult bleeding. The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in the present study is 76%. In the present study diagnostic yield of SBE/DBE combined was 77% and successful therapeutic intervention was performed in 50% of patients. Enteroscopy is slightly better than VCE and therapeutic intervention can be performed. Present study the rebleeding rate is 18% at the end of one year follow up. To our knowledge this is the first study comparing VCE and DBE/SBE with followup for one year.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare etch patterns, shear bond strength and ARI scores using different enamel conditioners with and without deproteinizing agent. Study Design: A total of 125 human premolars were divided into 5 groups (n = 25) as follows: Group A, B1, C1 in which teeth are etched with 37% phosphoric acid, 10% maleic acid, 20% lactic acid for 20 seconds respectively. In Groups B2 and C2, etchants were same as B1 and C1 but enamel deproteinization with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was done for 1 minute before enamel etching. Etching patterns were then evaluated in SEM, bond strength was examined with universal mechanical test machine and ARI scores were evaluated to check the bracket debonding interface. Data was analyzed statistically. Results: Group B2 showed superior SBS, more of type 1 etching patterns and debonding occurring at bracket adhesive interface compared to the control group (A), whereas the Group C1showed lowest mean SBS, type 4 etching patterns and debonding occurring at the enamel adhesive interface. Group B2 and C2 showed higher SBS and better etching patterns compared to the Group B1 and C1 where deproteinizing agent not was used. Conclusions: Enamel deproteinization with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite showed improvement in etching patterns and increased shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with alternative acids to etch the enamel surface.

Images are fundamental in day to day practice of dentistry. They serve as documentation of dental procedures and as forensic evidence and they play as an essential role in dentist patient communication providing the basis for patients expectation and treatment. The present article provides the brief inside on the same.

Now a day, a search is going on for new antimicrobial agents due to the negative effects of existing antibiotics and the constant development of bacterial resistance. This study assessed the phyto chemical screening and antibacterial activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Wedilia trilobata and Emilia sonchifolia. Methanol extract from the leaves of Wedilia trilobata and Emilia sonchifoliahas an antimicrobial activities against 5 bacteria K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa and it was investigated using a disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC). Both disc diffusion and (MIC) of the extracts ranged from 5 to 20 µg/m. Results of phyto chemical screening of methanol extracts of W. trilobata and E. sonchifolia showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloid, poly phenols, saponins and cardiac glycosides absent. The total content of flavonoids and poly phenols in the methanol extracts of the studied species positively correlated with their antioxidant properties .The study findings indicate that bioactive natural products from these plants may be isolated for further testing as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals in food preservation as well as natural plant-based medicine.

The field experiment was carried out at Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Research farm of Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. The experiment was laid out with four replications and four treatment, considering four levels each of zinc (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 Zn kg/ha in form of ZnSO4.7H2O). The results of experiment indicated that, application of different dose of Zn significantly increased plant growth and yield of tomato. The maximum plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, first day flowering 29.83 days (first year) and 29.57 (second year), number of fruits per plant 27.90 (first year) and 28.76 (second year), fruit weight per plant 1.37 kg (first year) and 1.39 kg (second year) and fruit yield 50.69 (first year) and 51.54 (second year) t/ha were obtained in both the years under 10 Zn kg/ha.

Currently the beta radioactivity of unstable atomic nuclei is often associated with the nuclear weak force that manifests within two kinds of nucleons and in their immediate environment. The W+ and Wconveyed bosons serve as temporary particles and are of short existence during intermediate phases in the transformative changes. The new concept and detailed explanation of beta radioactivity, here proposed, appealed mainly to the physical phenomenon of the electric combination between quarks of the nucleons that are a priori spatially involved in this reaction. We therefore propose that an unbound solitary nucleon (due to instability) and moving inside the nucleus, gets close enough to the other type of nucleon. While it is established that the effects of reciprocal electrical combination show that the feasibility and thereof consequences are perfectly consistent with the results seen for beta radioactivity. The involved ubiquitous electric physical processes illustrate, it seems, the merits of this new simply physicist approach regarding the reconsidered transformation modes of beta radioactivity that are here mainly of electrical origin and consequences.

The research contributes to the school characteristics that influence academic performance of Junior High School students in Gomoa-West District. The descriptive research approach was employed. Data were gathered from 302 students and 65 teachers using questionnaires. The participants for the quantitative research were randomly selected from six schools within the district. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that lateness and absenteeism of students were the major characteristics that influenced the academic performance of the students. It was also evident that there is a positive relationship between study hours and student academic performance. It was recommended among others that teachers and parents should do their best to provide the appropriate environments for students to enhance and promote their academic performance

The ameloblastoma is a true neoplasm of enamel organ type tissue which does not undergo differentiation to the point of enamel formation. Ameloblastoma is a benign locally invasive epithelial odontogenictumour comprising 1% of all tumours and cysts arising in the jaws. The wide age range of occurrence of the neoplasm from 10yrs to 90yrs have been reported. It is commonly found in the third and fourth decade. It occurs in all areas of the jaws, but mandible is most commonly affected area. Within the mandible the molar-angle-ramus region is most commonly affected. We present a case on Ameloblastoma that we came across as an accidental finding in a 72 year old male with the fruitful conduct of cyst enucleation with no recurrence.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received great attention due to their potential adverse human health and ecosystem impacts. PAHs can readily be adsorb by plants via particulate organic matter such as soil sediments. This study evaluates the concentration of PAHs in vegetables in Rumuosi and Choba, Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total component of PAHs measure in Rumuosi and Choba were within of 9 – 16, 10 – 12 and 14 – 15 for water leaf, pumpkin and bitter leaf, respectively. Average concentrations of PAHs for water leaf, pumpkin and leaf ranged from 8.0E-5 – 1.03E-2, 3.0E-5 – 1.02E-2 and 6.0E-6 – 1.28E-2 mg/kg wet wt. respectively. The concentration of PAHs in the vegetables from Rumuosi were in the following ascending order: Pumpkin ˃bitter leaf ˃ water leaf, whereas in Choba, they were in following ascending order: water leaf ˃ bitter leaf ˃ pumpkin. The results indicate that PAHs concentrations in vegetables from Rumuosi and Choba are high and, thus, consumption of these vegetables may pose significant health risk to the populace who consume them on a regular basis. The communities in the study area should take a proactive and public stand against individuals who engage in illegal activities such as combustion of hydrocarbon materials, bunkering and artisanal refining. These activities result in a huge environmental footprint, seriously impacting livelihood and public health.

Leiomyomas are the most common uterine and pelvic tumors. Cervical fibroids are uncommon (1-2%) and their presentation as huge abdominal mass is even rarer. We present here a case of a 30 year old female who presented with abdominal mass and primary infertility. Abdominal examination revealed a nontender, solid mass of 24 weeks size filling the abdominal cavity with restricted mobility. Lower border of the mass could not be felt. Laprotomy was planned. Laprotomy revealed fibroid arising from supravaginal portion of the cervix displacing the normal sized uterus superiorly. Myomectomy was done with reconstruction of cervical canal. Postoperative period was uneventful. Patient resumed her menses after 1 month.

Levosimendan, a myofilament Ca2 sensitizer with inotropic effects, increases myocardial performance without substantial changes in oxygen consumption and with neutral effects on heart rhythm. In addition, levosimendan has vasodilatory effects that are acheived by stimulation of adenosine triphosphate–dependent potassium channels. This action may be of specific interest in the setting of myocardial ischemia.To date, levosimendan is approved in 31 countries worldwide, and more patients with heart failure have particepated in randomized controlled trials with levosimendan than with any other intravenous inotropic agent. This review compares the different actions of standard positive inotropic drugs and Ca2 sensitizers. It also summerizes the current experimental and clinical knowledge of the use of levosimendan and gives practical recommendations with a special focus on the perioperative setting.

Aim: Urologic complications in post renal transplant, are a cause of major concern as they occur in a high risk setting and cause considerable morbidity. Here we aim to present our 7 year experience in cadaveric renal transplant with respect to urological complications, analyse the possible risk factors, management modalities and prevention of the same. Materials and Methods: From January 2011 to December 2017, data of all cadaveric graft recipients who developed urologic complications and managed in our institute, was retrieved retrospectively from Transplant Out Patient department and analyzed. Results: Out of the 176 patients who underwent deceased donor renal transplant, 18(10.2%)developed urologic complications. Mean recipient age was 32 yrs, mean donor age was 37 yrs. 4 patients had post operative hematuria, out of whom 2 developed clot anuria, 2 patients developedlymphocele, 1 had urine leak (anastomotic dehiscence), 1 had surgical site infection (SSI) requiring split thickness skin grafting, 3 developed ureteric stenosis, 7 developed Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis (TRAS). Conclusion: Early identification of urologic complications is required for preservation of optimal graft function.

Dermatoglyphic pattern analysis, the one of the genetic method, was used to determine digitopalmar ridge count in 40 women with ankylosing spondylitis. Twenty five variables (ridge count on each of the ten fingers, their sum on five and ten fingers, four traits o n each palm, i.e. ridge count between a-b, b-c and c-d triradii, and atd angles in degrees, on the palms as well as their sum) were determined. The data thus obtained were compared with digitopalmar prints of 200 healthy women who served as a control group. A significant difference from the control group was found for one variable: ridge count was increased on the lef t fifth finger tip. By the new testing, compared with 40 females from the same control group it has been found another five statistically significant variables. That means that they could used, for prevention, and this is the aim of this study, in the evaluation of the relative risk in family members with positive disease history.

Excessive use of electronic gadgets like mobile devices and computer can cause health problems like neck pain and other musculoskeletal disorders. This paper reviews publications of last 15 years which are focused on pathophysiology of mobile and computer related musculoskeletal disorders and other health hazards. Suggestions regarding their prevention have also been put forth.

Sex fixing of mammalian progenies is one of the most fascinating subjects ever reported and if properly developed and put to application value, it can be a formidable tool in increasing dairy productivity as well as ensuring considerable economic and social benefits. There have been many recorded attempts to produce sexed off-springs in mammals and most of them involved semen sexing methodologies. The present methodology involves a novel in vivo technology duly patented in a variey of countries world over including USA, Canada, Australia etc and which uses the administration of a dosage form which has active ingredients like monosodium ethanoate and ethanoic acid in solution form which when given orally a little while before insemination to females of dairy animals, cows and buffaloes; yields female off-springs with impressive success rate. A huge trial of this methodology was conducted in real field conditions in Punjab spread over a vast area covering nearly ten districts involving variations in temperature and climatic habitat conditions and the outcome was impressive. The analysis and impact factor calculation of such a discovery were undertaken to assess the application value of such a drug discovery with reference to Indian conditions especially with a view to North Indian terrains like Punjab.

Pediatric cardiac catheterization is an advance technology that permits diagnosis and treatment of cardiac problems among children as well as congenital cardiac defects. It can be prescribed for all age groups and developmental stages to evaluate disease progression, regression and patients' response to therapy .Although it gives a great chance for evaluating children conditions and treating them, but like other invasive procedures it possesses adverse effects. Complications of cardiac catheterization are more prevalent among young age groups, children underwent long time procedure, using more contrast or dye, therapeutic procedure and the age of the client at the time of the procedure.

Background: Tooth-colored restorative materials have been widely used for aesthetic purposes in restorative dentistry. The gradual loss due to degradation or wear of the damaged surfaces leads to the roughening of the restoration and accordingly influences its esthetic and clinical longevity. Objectives: To assess the feasibility of nano-filled resin coating of aesthetic restorations materials which is as an essential step for GI and an optional protocol for resin composites. Thus, the tribological feature (wear resistance) and consequent topographical characteristics (microstructure, surface roughness and hardness) of the resin composite and GI either coated or uncoated are investigated. Materials and methods: A total of forty samples were fabricated using nanohybrid composite (Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill) and conventional GI (Fuji IX GP fast); 20 samples each. Half of the samples were covered with resin nano-filled resin coating (EQUIA Coat). Each sample was stored individually in 3 mL distilled water at 37°C for 24 hrs., dried and weighed. Then, specimens were subjected to tooth brushing abrasion wear (~100000 cycles) using especially designed tooth brushing holder device followed by reweighing to determine the amount of weight loss. Surface morphology was examined by SEM, surface roughness was mapped out using AFM as well as VHN were determined. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Results: The nanofilled resin coated samples for each tested material recorded insignificant wear resistance with its corresponding uncoated samples (0.0020±0.0000 & 0.0018±0.00045 for coated and uncoated resin composite respectively) and (0.0034±0.00055 & 0.0026±0.00055 for coated and uncoated GI respectively). The existence of coating evidently reduced the surface roughness of both aesthetic materials as examined by SEM and measured by AFM. Regarding surface hardness, the lowest significant mean values (55.94 ± 0.99 & 56.24± 2.34 were recorded by coated resin composite and coated GI, respectively) compared with uncoated ones (82.22± 3.94 & 71.82± 4.90 for uncoated resin composite and uncoated GI respectively). Conclusions: The wear resistance of the nano-filled resin coating per se is analogous to those of the uncoated aesthetic restorative materials after exposure to prolonged brushing. The coating evidently reduced the surface roughness of both investigated aesthetic materials; however, it has significantly lower hardness values. Thus, on the clinical point of view, the capability of the nano-filled resin coating to reduced surface roughness of both aesthetic restorative materials and its persistence against abrasion wear would allow more glossy appearance and maintain healthy oral condition.

Background: Pulp stones are discrete calcifications and can be identified in periapical and bitewing radiographs. Stones may exist freely within the pulp tissue or attached to or embedded in dentine. They are more frequently present in the coronal than in the radicular portion of the pulp with a predominating tendency to appear in the maxillary teeth especially the maxillary first molar. Pulp stones have been noted in patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus and hypertension or in genetic diseases like dentine dysplasia, dentinogenesisimperfecta and Van der Woude syndrome. Etiopathogenesis of pulp stone is still not clear inspite of many microscopic and histochemical studies. Objective: This retrospective study was planned to correlate the association of pulp stones with age, gender, location, dental or systemic disorders. Methods:.The material for this study was obtained by retrospective review of the case files of Annoor Dental College, Muvattupuzha from March 2016 to April 2018, a span of 2 years. A total of 2500 radiographs (OPG) were retrieved from the outpatient department and were assessed for pulp stones within age group of 12–72 years. Statistical Analysis was carried out using chi square test; Minitab (version 17.1.0.0). Results: Overall prevalence of pulp stones in both the gender was 28.9% (723/2500). Out of 723 cases, 411 females& 312 males had pulp stones. Pulp stones were significantly higher in maxilla than mandible (Max. = 67.3%, Mand. = 32.6%).More number of pulp stones were observed in females(56.8%) than males(43.1%).The prevalence of pulp stones in age group from 32–42 years showed higher pulp stones as compared to other groups (29.3%).The prevalence of pulp stones in dental conditions include (Caries -25.5%, Periodontitis- 28.8%, Restored 16.5%, Orthodontically treated teeth -18.9%).The prevalence of pulp stones in hyperlipaedimicpatients was 24.7& renal stones were 21.7%. Conclusion: Even though the aetiological factors involved in their formation are still not fully understood, it would appear that pulp stones are primarily a physiological manifestation and may increase in number and/or size due to local or systemic pathology. The radiographic assessment of pulp stones helps in early diagnosis of many systemic conditions which eventually helps for a better treatment plan.

Background: Micronuclei (MN) are a small additional nucleus and are readily identifiable by light microscopy. Biologically, MN is the chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes that lag behind at anaphase during nuclear division. MN occurs due to genetic damage of the cell and the MN scoring is the indicator of the genetic damage. But, it has been shown by various studies that MN formation is not always related with genetic damages and may be developed from the physiological damage of double stranded DNA break when a cell enters from G0 to G1 phase of the cell cycle. Therefore simple presence of MN may not indicate any disease as this may be seen even in normal healthy cell. Only high MN count may be suggestive of a genetic damage. Thus MN1 counting in normal healthy individuals can be used to supervise genotoxicity, biomonitoring of diseases, screening of preneoplastic diseases and identification of high risk patients. Objectives: • To compare total number of micronuclei and number of cells with micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells amongst different age groups of normal healthy individuals. • To determine a normal range of total number of micronuclei and number of cells with micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells amongst different age groups of normal healthy individuals in the studied population. Methods: This study was conducted on normal healthy individuals (n=500) age ranged from 18-70 years. Based on age normal healthy individuals were categorized into 5 age groups: Group A: 18-30 years; Group B: 31-40 years; Group C: 41-50 years; Group D: 51-60 years and Group E: 61-70 years. Each age group comprised n=100 normal healthy individual. The exfoliated cytosmears prepared from oral buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals and stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) technique. We calculated the total number of MN (TMN) and number of cells with MN (CMN) per normal healthy individual since some cells had multiple MN. Results: The mean of TMN found were increased with increase in age and this difference was statistically significant. (p= 0.007) The mean of CMN also found were increased with increase in age. However, statistical test did not show any significant difference amongst them. (p= 0.071) In the normal healthy individuals, the normal range for TMN and CMN was 1 to 12 and 1 to 10 respectively. Conclusions: There is an increase in total number of MN (TMN) and number of cells with MN (CMN) with increasing age.

A fifty year old hypertensive male presented in the outpatient department with the chief complaints of bleeding per rectum associated with tenesmus while passing stools along with a complaint of a mass protruding from the rectum. A colonoscopic evaluation and biopsy revealed a lesion at the anal region which was suggestive of a malignant melanoma, while the PET CT revealed a hypermetabolic circumferential wall thickening involving the anal canal and distal rectum with metastatic pelvic nodes, and hepatic metastasis. He was then taken up for a Laproscopic Abdomino perineal resection with an end colostomy. His histopathology with immunohis to chemistry studies were suggestive of high grade malignant melanoma

Background: Verbal conflicts among staff in healthcare settings are a serious issue that requires intervention at different levels. On a day-to-day basis, the issues they are dealing with are multi-faceted covering physical, emotional, cultural, etc., the magnitude of the conflict arising out of it is also quite intense and serious. The objective of this study was to assess the cross-cultural violence, and explore intercultural competence perception and awareness among healthcare staff. Methodology: A quantitative survey was conducted at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) using the stratified random sample technique covering seven departments in the institution. A total number of 105 staff selected randomly from each stratum were asked to complete the questionnaire covering Intercultural Competence (ICC) items and 100 individuals responded to the survey. Result: With regard to the working environment, employees are aware of the consequences of these factors, Saudis and non-Saudis were unsatisfied with the present environment. Even though English is frequently used as an official language, the general communication among the employees remains as an obstacle. With regard to awareness about the intercultural competence, even though they are aware of it, they find it difficult to accommodate or fully accept other cultures. Conclusion: The environmental factors have a driving influence for employees in the acquisition of intercultural competence skills for the sake of work stability and survival. It is imperative for institutions to initiate strategies that will inspire the employees' intercultural competence and enhance cross-cultural understanding.

This work consists of evaluating the effects of a balanced and fortified diet on the nutritional characteristics and values of serum metabolites in protein-deficient rats. A series of three experiments, with 11 lots of 6 rats is conducted, with a control diet containing 20% of protein. The first experiment which lasts 15 days consists of restriction diets containing 10% (P 10), 5% (P 5) and 0% (P 0) of proteins, relative to the control. The second experiment is composed of the same restriction diets (15 days) followed by a rehabilitation diet with the control feed (15 days). The third experiment (30 days) consisted of a restricted period (P0) followed by a single restitution, and a restricted lot (P0F) followed by a restitution fortified with 0.01% of Amin' total in the drinking water. The results obtained indicate that the body weight gain of malnourished rats P10 (1.11 ± 0.34 g), P5 (0.53 ± 0.45 g), P0 (-1.01 ± 0.28 g) is lower than that of the control rats (2.69 ± 0.49 g). The rehabilitation experiment has a minimal impact on body weight gain. On the other hand, fortified rehabilitation rats (P0F) had a body weight gain (3.17 ± 0.85 g) greater than those of rehabilitated rats (P0) (0.57 ± 0.25 g) and control rats (1.36 ± 0.49 g). Malnutrition has variable effects on the average values of blood parameters. In conclusion, protein malnutrition reduces growth in rats. Rehabilitation with a balanced diet alone is not enough to restore nutritional disturbances. To achieve a fast growth, it is necessary to associate with the balanced diet, a fortification with a food supplement enriched with nutrients (essential amino acids, vitamins, trace elements).

In India, Sericulture is essentially a village-based industry providing employment to a sizable section of the population. Although Sericulture is considered as a subsidiary occupation, technological innovation has made it possible to take it up on an intensive scale capable of generating adequate income. Besides capable of providing continuous income to farmers, it creates new avenues for engaging the rural folks in related activities leading to blocking the rural migration in search of livelihood. Siddlaghatta of Chikkaballapura district is a famous place in the map of sericulture of Karnataka and as well as in the country due to its production of quality raw silk.

a) Introduction-Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative condition described as narrowed lumbar spinal canal with neurogenic claudication, consisting of back and buttock or leg pain induced by walking or standing and relieved by sitting. It adversely affects quality of life of the patients. There is lack of improvement with modern medicines. There are chances of recurrence due to surgical decompression. b) Patient has severe stretching pain in right leg up to toe with right lower limb claudication since1 month. Patient walks with a stick and has limping gait. Straight leg raising (SLR) test is positive right at 45ᵒ and left at 60ᵒ. c) In ayurvedic clinic it is diagnosed as kati asthi sandhi gata vata (vata disorder involving vertebras, intervertebral joints and surrounding connective tissues of lumbar region), He was treated for three months with a combined treatment of oral ayurvedic drugs tryodashanga guggulu, ajmodadi churna, balarishta and rasna saptaka kwath along with Panchakarma procedures - Patra pind sweda (PPS) and kati basti with panchaguna tail along with Kala basti regimen of niruha basti (decoction based enema) with rasna erandadi kwath and anuvasana basti (oil based enema) with dhanwantar tail for 16 days. Patients condition was assessed for symptoms of kati asthi sandhi gata vata and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Fukushima lumbar spinal stenosis scale (FLS-25), and 6 min walking test (6MWT). d) There was substantial improvement in symptoms of the patient. The assessment scales showed marked improvement measured before and after the treatment. This study shows that the cases of degenerative LSS may be successfully managed with ayurvedic treatment.

Food security in developing countries still remains a global concern requiring effective and sustainable solutions. This study investigated the effect of three indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungal inocula namely; Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus luteum and Glomus viscosum on the growth and yield of a tomato cultivar (Lycopersicum sp.). The spores of the fungi were isolated from a fallow land in Ile-Ife, Nigeria and were propagated separately by maize pot culture. The obtained pure culture spores were used to infect tomato seedlings singly and in different combinations in a sterile soil culture. A control un-inoculated treatment consisted of sterile soil only. There were variations in the extent at which pots inoculated with AM inocula improved plant growth rate, fruit yield and fruit size after harvest. For the single inoculation treatments, Funneliformis mosseae had the best gross fresh fruit weight/pot (191.47 g), mean fruit weight (27.35 g), mean fruit size (85.47 cm2) and gross fruit weight per plant (68.83 g); the worst was G. viscosum which had gross fresh fruit weight/pot (191.47 g), mean fruit weight (27.35 g), mean fruit size (85.47 cm2) and gross fruit weight per plant (68.83 g). However, not all combinations of the AM inocula were effective in improving plant crop yield. The best combined AM species treatment (Funneliformis mosseae _Claroideoglomus luteum) had mean fruit weight (22.54 g) and mean fruit size (88.43 cm2), while F. mosseae_C. luteum_G. viscosum combination had the least mean fruit weight (9.33 g) and mean fruit size (51.28 cm2). On the other hand, the combination treatments were generally better in post-harvest residual spore yield in the soil than the single treatments. There was no association between fruit yield and residual spore densities. This study has shown that these indigenous AM inoculants have the potentials to individually enhance fruit yield compared to the simulated background combined effect was found in the fallow land. We conclude that adequate knowledge of AM interactions with their host plants will be required for proper composition of AM fungi inocula for optimal application in agriculture to enhance plant crop yield.

In this work, the ligands vinyl imidazole (VIm) complexes of Ruthenium(Ru) were taken and one electron redox potentials were analysed. The structures and the influence of ligand in these ruthenium complexes on the one electron transfer mechanism were investigated. Ligand charge transfer towards the Ru metal has been found prominent in these Ru-ligand complexes forming a strong coordinated bond. The one electron transfer processes of these complexes depend on the number of VIm ligands present in these complexes.

Objective: This study aims to establish the quantitative organic composition, and to appreciate the antioxidant potential of the essential oils (EOs) from the fresh and dried leafy stems of Origanum syriacum acclimated in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: The chemical composition determined by GC (Ir), GC-MS and 13C-NMR showed that the species belongs to the carvacrol family. The antiradical activity was evaluated with respect to the radical DPPH●, (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Results: In total 31 compounds have been identified accounting for 98.1-99.4% of the total composition. The major compound was carvacrol (61.5-69.8%) following by γ-terpinne (11.3-14.5%). In vitro antioxidant test showed that essential oil from O. syriacum had an antioxidant potential nevertheless lower than that of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Conclusion: This study highlights chemical composition of the essential oil from O. syriacum and an interesting antioxidant potential. These data would justify various traditional uses in therapeutic.

When a dissection made to three specimens of skate Raja batis Linnaeus, 1758 flattened cartilaginous fishes bought randomly from the Red Sea city markets, were found naturally infected with three specimens of helminth parasites two species of digenea Monorchismonorchis Stossich, 1890, Lecithochiriumpriacanthi Yamaguti (1953) and one of tetrabothridea Echeneibothriumminutum Williams, 1966 impeded in spiral valve wall. The morphology and morphometric characterization were carried out by light microscopy. Species were recorded for the first time from Rajidae specimen in a new locality Red sea, Egypt. The present Monorchis species is characterized by its smaller size, smaller ovary; testes tandem and vitellaria are in the form of two lateral groups, near the caeca bifurcation, and the numbers of follicles vary from 7-9 on the right side and 7-11 on the left side. Lecithochiriumpriacanthi characterized by elongated slender body with acetabulum larger than oral sucker and tapered conical anteriorwith bluntposterior ends, supplied with a very short retracted short tail (ecsoma)end and two opposite small oval testes. This species is unique by two compact masses, 6-7 ovals to digitiform lobes vitellaria just posterior to ovary. Echeneibothriumminutum Williams, 1966 has very special features as acraspedote, euapolytic, Scolex consists of the head proper and a cephalic peduncle, the head bears the dorsal and ventral bothridia each of which is oval, flattened, andloculi arranged in 12–14 rows.

After the World War II, developed countries have been engaged in a race on economy, armory and superiority including testing new weapons without considering environment. On the other hand, undeveloped countries tried to catch up with developed countries as soon as possible in terms of economy and technology and they also kept ignoring the environment. During occurrence of environmental pollution, important international meetings were held on the subject. At the end, it was understood that the only solution was sustainable development after long discussion. In that model, meeting the needs of the present populations without compromising the ability of the future generations to fulfill their own needs is aimed. Of course, this is not easy but, it was unanimously accepted at the various meetings that humanity must succeed it. Thus, it is necessary to change our understanding on planning approach and consider sustainability in investment projects as a basic concept. In this article, conclusions of the meetings were evaluated and some proposals were made to contribute to the solution of the problem.

In this study ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using different procedures. In the first procedure ZnO prepared by using sol-gel method by precipitating ZnO from a reaction of Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) different techniques are used sol-gel method with stirring and centrifugation to obtain ZnO nanoparticles. In the second procedure grinding of Zn(CH3COO)2 and H2C2O4.2H2O in a mortar for 30 min is used, also by doping Selenium powder (5%) to the mixture and ZnO-doped Selenium was obtained. ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray (Rajendra et al., 2009) diffraction (XRD) where diameter ranged between 16-33 nm by using Scherrer equation. d-space (d) was calculate theoretically by using Bragg’s law and practically by the formula. Some lattice also were calculated and showed in the tables like: micro strain (ε), potential parameter (μ), bond length (L), unit cell volume (V) and stress (σ).

After dyeing, the fiber undergoes some strength and elasticity loss due to pressure, temperature and chemical exposure. This leads to difficult progress of the fiber along the production line and decrease in yarn quality in the yarn production stages. In this study; The loss of strength and elasticity after dyeing, the penetration of the dyebath into the fiber at the desired level and the unevenness of dyeing were investigated depending on the pump cycles in the dyeing machine during dyeing of the wool fiber. In addition, the change in dyebath pressures and velocities were investigated in the dyeing machine according to the pump cycles in the fiber dyeing machine by performing dyebath flow analysis with the ANSYS program using CFD (Calculated Fluid Dynamics) method. It was seen that the increase of the pump revolution increased the loss of strength and elasticity of the fiber but did not affect the homogeneity due to the pressure difference in the inner tank of the dyeing machine.

Due to the sheer volume of opinion rich web resources such as discussion forum, review sites, blogs and news corpora available in digital form, much of the current research is focusing on the area of sentiment analysis. People are intended to develop a system that can identify and classify opinion or sentiment as represented in an electronic text. Therefore product features or aspects have got significant role in sentiment analysis. In addition to sufficient work being performed in text analytics, feature extraction in sentiment analysis is now becoming an active area of research. This review paper discusses existing techniques and approaches for feature extraction in sentiment analysis and opinion mining.

In order to reduce water conflicts and to attend to multiple water uses, this study evaluated water quality in the Ribeirão das Botas Stream basin in Brazil's Central-West region, in regards to the evolution of legal and institutional aspects at the federal and state scope, mainly with the inclusion of the legal instrument to authorize water use rights. Through a self-purification study with effluent discharge simulated from a wastewater treatment plant, four points along the river were evaluated during the dry season, using the QUAL-UFMG model, for the parameters DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and total coliforms. Three effluent discharge simulations were carried out. The first scenario encompassed a single criterion: maximum BOD concentration discharged according to legislation (120 mg.L-1), where it resulted in DO below 7 mg.L-1 and BOD outside of the classification class 2, exceeding the value of 5 mgBOD.L-1. The second scenario used the limit of the diluted concentrated value in the receiving water for the BOD (<5 mg.L-1) and DO (> 5 mg.L-1) parameters. The third scenario related the quantitative aspect linked to the authorization instrument to accommodate the uses of the river basin. The physical-chemical and biological analyzes with the presence of E. coli and total phosphorus parameters was in disagreement with the current standards, which shows that there is a negative impact due to anthropic activities in the region caused by inadequate urban effluent discharge and agricultural activities. It was observed that in scenarios 2 and 3, the evaluated parameters respected the river’s support capacity, which presented DO above 7 mg.L-1 and BOD below 5 mg.L-1. However, for the stream’s support capacity to be met without changing its classification, the wastewater treatment plant that is to be implemented should have a maximum flow of 0.43 m3.s-1 and a minimum efficiency of 96%, not 65% or 88% according to scenarios 1 and 2.This study permits assistance to the water resource management council for decision making in the face of multiple use conflicts with the use of mathematical modeling for self-purification studies according to the evolution in the legislation, taking into account not only qualitative aspects, but also quantitative and diverse water uses.

The rising environmental concern in response to global warming is drawing people’s attention to seek sustainable or green solutions. Extensive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are from the energy use in buildings which in turn marks the real estate industry as a significant contributor to global warming scenario. The environmental benefits of green buildings have been firmly established, but the awareness that green buildings deliver a range of compelling financial and social benefits is not well established. Largely, in cases of green building development, developers face a major challenge regarding the increase in construction costs. Thus they find it intricate to go for green buildings due to cost restraints and complexity in sourcing green building materials, technologies and service contributors or facilitators in India. This research attempts to understand and find solutions to these problems.

Pressure drop is the main parameters describing the efficiency and acceptance of a particular shell and tube heat exchanger in any application. Pressure drop across the tube side is inversely proportional to the viz. Higher the pressure drop lower is the heat transfer and hence the required pumping power is high and correspondingly higher is the expense. The pressure drop on the tube side can be trichotomized as pressure drop due to Inlet nozzle, pressure drop in the tube bank, and pressure drop in the outlet nozzle. This report provides an insight into the research done on the analysis of the pressure drop in the tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger. Although a remarkable contribution has been done through analytical relations governing the pressure drop and the numerical analysis of the pressure drop on the shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger, cogent contribution can be made numerically on the tube side. The approach provided enables us to study detailed flow behavior (pressure drop) in the tubes using the TEMA BEM viz. a Flat Head Single Pass SHTX numerically viz. the use of computation for the mentioned research. Hence to achieve the task numerically the use of ANSYS16.0has been made assuming that the flow is steady and isothermal. Two different pressure zones have been identified viz. (1) High pressure drop zone (2) Low pressure drop zone across the tube banks. It was observed that nearly fifty percent of the tubes lie under each category. The pressure drop has been computed numerically at a specific inlet velocity and then correlated at different inlet velocities for a parametric study.

The author in this article has analyzed the process of formation of military schools during 1917-1940 years and activity of these military schools. In the article it was also revealed graduated cadets of military schools and courses, social composition of cadets and the role of these military schools in the progress of military work and military history in Uzbekistan.

The aim of this study is to inquire issues related to teachers’ education within the scope of Lifelong learning. At the same time, it inquires issues of teachers’ professional development and strengthening through their participation in training programmes. Specifically, this research was carried out within the geographical boundaries of the prefecture of Karditsa, in central Greece, and was based on the completion of 130 questionnaires by teachers who teach in secondary, general, public schools under any working status. The questionnaire, filled in by the teachers, focused on investigating the extent to which teachers agree with certain parameters related to the organization and conduct of educational programmes. More analytically, these parameters were related to the thematic topics as well as the reasons for participating in such programmes, the factors taken into consideration and the preventive ones, the methodological techniques and teachers’ views regarding distance education through the use of e-learning. There were also questions related to the appropriateness of the providers of the training programmes as well as questions concerning their duration, the implementation model, the place and the time they can be carried out. The final part of the questionnaire focused on European programmes such as Erasmus+ which can be seen as training providers and aimed at measuring their knowledge about them and at investigating the factors that act either as barriers or as facilitators when it comes to their participation in them. Drawing upon the results of the empirical analysis that was followed, it can be stated that the majority of teachers participate in educational programmes mainly conducted by P.E.K (peripheral educational centers) and the School advisors, nevertheless academic teachers of higher educational institutions and qualified school teachers are considered to be more suitable to carry out such programmes. The teachers who participated in the research also think that educational and training programmes ameliorates their daily classroom routine, boosts their efficacy and refreshes their interest in their job. Moreover, they are interested in educational innovation, prefer working in groups and believe that postgraduate studies along with their participation in non formal educational schemes (peer learning communities, networks etc.), can cover their educational and training needs. As far as the European programmes are concerned, they know little about them but they wish to learn more and think that the inadequacy in a foreign language prevents their participation. On the other hand, the strengthening of their linguistic skills and the prospect of establishing networks with other European colleagues are confronted as positive factors that facilitate their participation. Finally, teachers wish to be engaged in short-term programmes (no more than one month) with two sessions per week, on afternoons of working days. The establishment sheltering the programme seems to be on no special significance to them but their own school setting seems to be their second most prevalent option.

This article sought to assess the effectiveness of the approaches employed by the various actors in the management of conflicts with a focus on Tana River County in Kenya. The conflict in Tana River has escalated to unparalleled armed violence with loss of life and property. Various actors have employed diverse approaches in response to the conflict and to build peace. However, in spite of these efforts the region has experienced periodic relapses into violence. The government of Kenya has utilized hard power mechanisms while Non-Governmental organizations and the civil society have employed various conflict management and reconciliation approaches. Unfortunately, the conflict has persisted and turned into a devastating situation that has claimed the lives of innocent people as well as property in the region. The article proved that the approaches employed in the management of the Tana River conflict did not incorporate a comprehensive analysis of the conflict vis-à-vis structural, proximate and trigger causes of the conflict in order to understand the context of the conflict and to determine the appropriate responses to be employed in the management of the conflict. In addition, the article found that the entire peace building process lacked clear coordination in terms of programming, funding and the deployment of human resources. Moreover, there is need to integrate a comprehensive analysis of the conflict vis-à-vis structural, proximate and trigger causes of the conflict in order to understand the structural context conflict and to inform any responses to the conflict in Tana River. There is also need to incorporate a multi-sectoral and multi-agency response to the conflict so as to respond to the opportunities for violence such as chronic poverty and unemployment among the youth. Qualitative research approach was adopted in this article to achieve at these assertions.

This study aimed at investigating the availability and adequacy of science teaching/learning resources in public secondary schools in Bukoba District Council (BDC), Tanzania. Researchers considered that availability and adequacy of such resources in public secondary schools was a prerequisite for the implementation of compulsory science curriculum in BDC. The study used convergent parallel mixed method research design. The qualitative part employed phenomenology while the quantitate part used cross-sectional design. The target population involved heads of schools, heads of science department (HoDs), science teachers, students; also, included were parents and a District Education Officer for Secondary Schools (DEOSS). Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guide, and observation schedule. D escriptive statistics such tables and charts were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data were organized into themes and presented in narrative form and direct quotes. The findings indicated that public secondary schools encounter various challenges that negatively affect the implementation of science curriculum. The study concludes that a few teaching/learning resources were adequately available as there were also inadequacy of most of the science teaching/learning materials in some of the public Secondary schools in BDC. The study recommends that School Principals must be fully involved in the budgeting process so as to express concrete estimates which reflect the actual needs of their schools. The Government and the Schools’ Management should as quickly as possible address those challenges for effective implementation of science curriculum.

The culture and tradition of India is considered as old and great all over the world where people used to worship various female goddesses, saints and poets. India is also a powerful nation and famous worldwide for being the largest democracy in the world however, women backwardness is also very clear in the Indian society because of the social issues, problems and lots of restrictions against women. Women belong to the lower and middle class family suffers more than the women of higher class family. Women in the Indian society generally face problems of sex discrimination, high percentage of illiteracy, female infanticide, dowry system, etc. Taking birth as a woman in the Indian society can be said as curse for the women. Women in India face lots of social issues and problems all through the life which are big struggle for them right from their beginning of life. Female infanticide is the most common practice of killing girl child in mother’s womb in the Indian society. Women in India are considered as burden for their parents and husbands as they think that women are here only to consume money whole life without earning a little bit. Another common problem for women is sex discrimination which they face from their birth and continues till their death. Illiteracy, lack of proper education, responsible for household works, rape, sexual harassment at workplace, etc are some big issues for the women in India. However, a lot of positive changes have occurred in the women status as the number of educated people is increasing in the country. Here the Researcher discussed the Constitutional Rights and Legal Rights to Women The constitution and Laws are instrument of welfare. Thus through Constitutional Rights and Legal Rights to solve the Women Problems. The Study is Purely Theoretical. The Study is based on secondary data sources. The necessary information about the Constitutional Rights and Legal Rights to Women and its various components are collected from Books, Journals, Internet Source or related topic. The Researcher study about the Constitutional Rights and Legal Rights to Women. The Research Work includes I. Introduction II. Methodology III. The Constitutional Rights and Legal Rights to Women. IV Conclusion.etc.

The objective of this study was to analyze the current living conditions and health promotion needs of older people. Needs within each health promotion dimension were investigated through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Participants in this study comprised people 65 years or older living in the 12 administrative districts of Taipei City. The participants were sampled using stratified random sampling and were divided into two groups based on age, 65–74 years and 75 years and older. The valid samples totaled 1122, and a structured questionnaire was utilized for data collection. The questionnaire content comprised demographic information and health promotion needs. According to the research results, the types of health promotion activities in which older people wished to participate included health screening activities, dementia prevention activities, immunization, health and wellness lectures and activities, and other arts and crafts courses or learning programs. Of these activity types, the proportion of older people who wished to attend health and wellness lectures and activities was relatively high, and the health information items about which they most wished to obtain were exercise and wellness information. With regard to health promotion strategy, it is recommended that (1) more relevant health promotion activities and courses be held; (2) use of smart phones or tablets be taught; (3) the accessibility of activity information be increased and venues be expanded; (4) the number of courses on dementia prevention and care be increased; (5) community service centers be established; (6) the number of spiritual courses be increased; and (7) the implementation of community health promotion policies be accelerated.

Education is a strongly felt social need in India and the society is anxious for change and improvement of the nation through a rapid educational development. In line with the above statement, the Republic of India 1950 Constitution in Section 45 state that”.......... Government shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are equal and adequate educational opportunities at all level” Similarly section 5, sub-section 31 of the 1966 national policies on Education states that "teaching and research function of the higher educational institution have an important role to play in the national development particularly in the development of high level of manpower” This is further expanciated with specific reference to Secondary education that: